From Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) to War on Terrorism 10 wars that can be considered "World Wars"

Updated Today : 31/05/2021

Traditionally, we believe that in history, the human species witnessed just two world wars that took place in the 20th century in my opinion that is wrong

But what defines "World War"?

A World War involves many of the states and the populations of the planet and is being deployed across multiple continents with many fronts of war.

Well, if it's to be taken by definition, it would mean that there were several world wars throughout history, most of them unfolding just before the industrial age, in early modernity.


1. The 30-year War (1618-1648) - the First European War
combatant

• Sweden-Gustav Adolf II
• France-Ludovic XIII
• Denmark
• United States Provinces
• England and Scotland
• Saxony
• The Ottoman Empire
• Russia
• Transylvania
• The Spanish-Philip III / Philip IV Empire
• The Holy Roman Empire
• Poland

Readings in the Military History of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)  International History

Thirty Years' War - History.com

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, whose staunch Catholicism and diligent opposition to Protestantism source: Wikipedia

It is estimated that 11 million people were killed because of religious rivalries (of which 8 million were civilians ... I believe that until WW1, there was no such devastating war and yet, the 30-year War not too it's covered ... why?)



2. The War of Succession of Spain (1701-1712) - has unfolded in Europe, North America and South America.

combatants:

• The Spanish Loyalists of King Carol
• The Holy Roman Empire: Austria, Prussia, Hanover
• England and Scotland (Great Britain after 1707) - Duke of Marlborough
• United States Provinces
• Savoia-Eugen de Savoia
• Portugal
• The Spanish Loyalists of King Philip
• France - Ludovic XIV
• Bavaria

War of the Spanish Succession - Wikipedia

Almansa, April 1707; Bourbon victory was a serious setback for the Allies in Spain. source: Wikipedia

At the same time, in the northern, central and eastern Europe, between 1700 and 1719, the Great Northern War between Sweden and Carol II was carried out between Russia and Russia, with Poland, Lithuania, the Ottoman Empire, the United Provinces, Great Britain, Denmark, Saxony, Moldova, Hanover and Prussia. After the war, only 175,000 Swedish civilians died of hunger, not counting the tens of thousands of soldiers killed in battles.


3. The War of Austrian Succession (1741-1748): conducted in Europe, India and North America
combatant

Almansa, April 1707; Bourbon victory was a serious setback for the Allies in Spain. source: Wikipedia

• France-Ludovic XV
• Prussia-Great Frederick II the Great
• Spain
• Sweden
• The Italian States
• Bavaria
• Great Britain- George I
• Austria -Maria Tereza
• Saxony
• Russia
• United States Provinces

4. The Seven Years War (1756-1763) - depicted in North America, South America, Europe, India and Africa
combatants:

• Great Britain - George II / George III
• Prussia - Frederic the Great
• Hanover
• Confederation of the Iroquois
• Portugal
• Other German states
• Abenaki
• Mogul Empire
• Franta-Ludovic XV
• Austria-Maria Tereza
• Sweden
• Saxony
• Spain
• Russia

Seven Years' War  Definition, Causes, Maps, & Effects   Britannica

Seven Years' War Collage based on these files: Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, 23 June 1757 The Victory of Montcalm's Troops at Carillon, 6-8 July 1758 Frederick the Great at the battle of Zorndorf, 25 August 1758 General von Laudon at the battle of Kunersdorf, 12 August 1759 source: Wikipedia

It is estimated that 1,400,000 were killed


5. The American Independence War (1775-1784) - not only in North America, but also in India, the Caribbean, Sumatra, the North Seacombatants:

The Fourth of July and the Martial Spirit Law & Liberty  

A collection of public domain images of the American Revolutionary War, together in a montage.

source: Wikipedia

• United States of America - George Washington
• Spain
• Franta-Ludovic XVI
• Mysore
• Netherlands
• American Indians
• Great Britain-George III
• Hanover
• American Indians

6. Napoleon Wars (1796-1815) - deployed in Europe, Egypt, the Middle East, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea, North America, Caucasus, French Guiana
combatants:

Coat of arms source: Wikipedia

• The French Empire-Napoleon I
• Coalition anti-Napoleon
• Great Britain-George III
• Austria- Francis I
• Russia-Alexander II
• Prussia-Frederick William III
• The Ottoman Empire
• Spain
• Portugal
• Sweden
• Netherlands
• The Italian and German states
• Switzerland
• Norway, Denmark
• Persia

Many of these states joined Napoleon Bonaparte


It is estimated that 6 million people were killed just because Napoleon wanted to venture.



7. World War I - (1914-1918) - Europe, Africa, Atlantic Ocean, Middle East, the coasts of American continents, Pacific, China
combatant

• Entente
• France-Poincaire / Clemenceau
• The British Empire and its colonies - Asquith, Lloyd George
• Italy-Vittorio Orlando
• USA-Woodrow Wilson
• Russia-Nicholas II
• Japan
• Portugal
• Belgium
• Romania
• Greece
• serbia
• And I have
• Hejaz
• Montenegro
• Central Powers
• Germany-Wilhelm I
• The Ottoman Empire - Mehmed V
• Austro-Hungary-Franz Jospeh / Karl I
• Bulgaria

Montage for WWI article. Top: Trenches - Image:The_badly_shelled_main_road_to_Bapaume.jpg (Trenches on the Western Front) Left Upper: Image:AlbatDIII.jpg (German Albatros D.III biplane fighters of Jasta 11 at Douai, France) Left Lower source: Wikipedia

It is estimated that 17 million people were killed (including 7 million civilians) and 20 million were injured.


8. World War II (1939-1945) - Europe, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa
allies

Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing Australian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad

• 
  China-Kai-Shek
• US-F.D. Roosevelt
• Great Britain-Churchill
• USSR Stalin
• France-Charles de Gaulle
• New Zealand
• Canada
• Australia
• Finland
• Netherlands
• Belgium
• Greece
• Turkey
• Yugoslavia
• Axis
• Japan, Hirohito
• Germany-Hitler
• Italy-Mussolini
• Romania
• Hungary
• Bulgaria
• Thailand

not to mention alliance changes

It is estimated that 85 million were killed (of which -55 million civilians)


9. Cold War (1947-1991) - an ideological, economic, technological, diplomatic planetary war faded in the northern hemisphere, but ignited in local wars in the third world + space rivalry.
combatants:

• Free world
• US
• NATO & CE
• South America
• Australia
• Japan
• South Korea
• The totalitarian world
• USSR
• Warsaw Pact & CAER
• North Korea
• China
• Cuba

Mushroom cloud of the Ivy Mike nuclear test, 1952; one of more than a thousand such tests conducted by the US between 1945 and 1992 source: Wikipedia

It is estimated that 10 million people were killed in the wars in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa.


10. War on Terrorism (2001-present) - is the first unconventional war that takes place on a global scale, even though the main wars are the Middle East. It is also the first global cyberwar.
Simultaneously, we have an economic rivalry between the US / EU vs BRICS, where the US carries a cold war with Russia and an economic one with China.
FIGHTING:

Clockwise from top left: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks; American infantry in Afghanistan; an American soldier and Afghan interpreter in Zabul Province, Afghanistan; explosion of an Iraqi car bomb in Baghdad source: Wikipedia

• NATO member states
• Non-NATO states: Russia, China and the rest
• Terrorist group

• ISIS
• al-Qaeda
• At the moment,  a few hundred thousand people died in the wars of Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria.

Theoretically, we would have about 10 world wars in history. I hope you enjoyed my article !


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Less than four months after Hitler's death, a great future US president declared in great secrecy love for the Führer

Wikimedia Commons 

A diary kept by President John F Kennedy as a young man travelling in Europe, revealing his fascination with Adolf Hitler, is up for auction.

Kennedy, then 28, predicted "Hitler will emerge from the hatred that surrounds him now as one of the most significant figures who ever lived".

"He had in him the stuff of which legends are made," he continued.
Kennedy wrote the entry in the summer of 1945 after touring the German dictator's Bavarian mountain retreat.
It is thought by historians to be the only diary ever kept by the 35th US president.

RR AUCTION

The original copy will be auctioned for the first time on 26 April in Boston by longtime owner Deirdre Henderson, who worked as a research assistant for Kennedy while he was a US senator with White House ambitions.

He wrote that Hitler "had boundless ambition for his country which rendered him a menace to the peace of the world, but he had a mystery about him in the way he lived and in the manner of his death that will live and grow after him".

The 61-page diary was kept by Kennedy around four months after Hitler committed suicide.


At the time, the young American was touring Europe as a newspaper reporter after finishing his military service aboard a ship in the Pacific Ocean.

GETTY IMAGES

Nearly two decades later Kennedy would address crowds in West Berlin as US president.

He gave Ms Henderson the diary in order to inform her of his views on foreign policy and national security, she said.

In a description of the auction, she wrote: "When JFK said that Hitler 'had in him the stuff of which legends are made', he was speaking to the mystery surrounding him, not the evil he demonstrated to the world."

"Nowhere in this diary, or in any of his writings, is there any indication of sympathy for Nazi crimes or cause," she continued.
The diary also contains JFK's thoughts about the British election and Winston Churchill, who Ms Henderson called his "idol".

The winning bid is expected to be around $200,000 (£160,000).

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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by BBC . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

A country at the crossroads: how Lincoln's 1860 election victory set America on the path to Civil War

An 1860 presidential election campaign banner for Abraham Lincoln and his running partner, Hannibal Hamlin. (Library of Congress)

What was the political prelude to the 1860 election?

Ever since the drafting of America’s federal constitution of 1787, the question of slavery had given rise to political contention and compromise. In the early years of the new American nation, several northern states adopted statutes of emancipation, while new technology and the international demand for cotton gave slave labour deep roots in the south. Plantation agriculture spread from the Atlantic states into the Gulf region. As a result, slave numbers would grow to four million by 1860.

Most Americans deemed that the constitution gave individual slave states alone the right to determine the future of their ‘peculiar institution’. However, the westward movement of settlers and the extension of the nation’s boundaries – through the purchase of Louisiana, the annexation of Texas, and the wresting of California and other parts of Mexico by force – prompted periodic crises over the status of slaveholding in the territories and the new states carved out of them. 

In 1820 and again in 1850 threats of civil war between North and South prompted compromise, while the Democrats and Whigs – the dominant national parties during the 1830s and 1840s – worked in the main to keep the issue at bay. But in the 1850s it arose again. By then growing intransigence, and each faction’s sense of its moral and social superiority, put political compromise beyond easy reach.

Why does the presidential election of 1860 matter?

Abraham Lincoln’s victory in November 1860 as the Republican candidate for the White House forever changed the relationship between the American government and the institution of slavery. 

It wasn’t that Lincoln was the first nominee for the presidency to run on an antislavery platform. Minority parties, alarmed by the increasing entrenchment of plantation slavery, had fielded emancipationists in every presidential election since 1840, and in 1856 the newly formed Republican Party had celebrated a powerful showing on a manifesto committed to containing slavery – a “relic of barbarism” – within existing limits. But the real turning-point came four years later when, for the first time in the history of the American republic, an antislavery candidate committed to putting slavery in the way of ultimate extinction triumphed in the electoral college.


Lincoln’s success prompted South Carolina’s withdrawal from the Union. At a special secession convention on 20 December the state declared she had taken her place “once again amongst the nations of the world”. Within two months, six other states of the lower South had joined her in forming an independent confederacy. The US constitution dictated that the outgoing president, the Democrat James Buchanan, remain in office between the election and Lincoln’s inauguration as the 16th president on 4 March 1861. ‘Old Buck’ lacked both the authority and will to defuse the greatest crisis in the nation’s history. Its resolution would depend on the wisdom and courage of his successor.

Abraham Lincoln. The election of a candidate committed to ending a “relic of barbarism” incensed the slave-holding South. (Library of Congress)

Who were the 
Republicans?

Like all political parties, the new Republican organisation was a coalition. Its constituent elements emerged from the fractured politics of the mid-1850s that created a political vacuum by destroying the Whig party and weakening their rivals, the Democrats. The Kansas-Nebraska 
Act of 1854, the work of US senator Stephen A Douglas, an Illinois Democrat, opened up to slave-holding settlers a vast trans-Mississippi region previously deemed the preserve of free labour. The immediate explosion of anger in the North prompted state-level ‘anti-Nebraska’ coalitions of 
disaffected Democrats, antislavery Whigs, independent ‘free-soilers’, and out-and-out abolitionists. At the same time an influx of immigrants, many 
of them Catholic, prompted a native-born backlash that further strained political loyalties. 
 

This 1856 map shows slave states (gray), free states (pink), U.S. territories (green), and Kansas in center (white). Credit: wikipedia

The emergent Republican Party’s opposition to the extension of slavery provided the policy glue that bound 
its elements together: radical emancipationists driven by moral purpose, racists determined to found lily-white western settlements, social progressives who deemed the South archaic and stagnant, and opponents of the political influence of southern planters – the so-called ‘Slave Power’ that had allegedly hijacked the federal government. 

By 1860 the party of ‘Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men’ had broadened its platform to embrace homesteads for western settlers, a protective tariff and 
a Pacific railroad. The Massachusetts Springfield Republican located its strength in “the great middling-interest class”, men “who work with their own hands, who live and act independently, who hold the stakes of home and family, of farm and workshop, of education and freedom”. Republicans made much of their role as the party 
of conscience, and as such appealed successfully to ‘nativist’ anti-Catholics, while also winning support within influential communities of Protestant and radical immigrants, above all 
the Germans.

Why did the Republican Party choose Lincoln as 
its candidate?

Republican leaders met in Chicago in May 1860 to choose a presidential nominee. Attention focused above all on Senator William H Seward, the former governor of New York, who was widely expected to carry the day. 

Portrait of William H. Seward, Secretary of State 1861-69 Credit: wikipedia

But his reputation for radicalism, recently heightened by a speech depicting the struggle between slave and free societies as an “irrepressible conflict”, put doubts in the minds of Republican managers. Could he win the support of essential conservative voters in those states of the lower North (Pennsylvania, Indiana and Illinois) who had previously blocked the party’s route to power?

Seward’s supporters took comfort from the handicaps under which most of his rivals laboured. Edward Bates of Missouri was too conservative, Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania too corrupt, Supreme Court justice John McLean too old, Salmon P Chase of Ohio too radical. But Seward had not reckoned on the dark horse, Abraham Lincoln.

Lincoln’s seven open-air debates with Stephen Douglas across Illinois in 1858, in pursuit of election to the United States senate, had won him national attention and, by holding his own against the Democratic ‘Little Giant’, the respect of antislavery voters. More recently, his well-crafted Cooper Union speech in New York City alerted easterners to the intellectual sophistication and moral backbone of a westerner they had not before encountered in the flesh. “He’s the greatest man since St Paul,” a newspaperman declared. “No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience.” 

Adamant that to restrict slavery was to sustain the purposes of the nation’s founders and the principles of the Declaration of Independence, but insistent on the constitutional rights of the southern states to the protection of their “domestic institutions”, and personally untainted by nativism, Lincoln offered a blend of moral radicalism and legal conservatism that allowed his managers at Chicago to present him as the party’s most reliable hope in the doubtful states. Rational political logic, not luck, secured his nomination.

Why did the Democratic Party split?

Enthusiastic expansionists, the Democrats as a national party had to fashion a policy for the western territories that would minister to the incompatible ambitions of free-soil and pro-slavery settlers. For a time Stephen Douglas’s formula of ‘popular sovereignty’ – leaving the settlers themselves to resolve the issue by a local vote – kept northern and southern Democrats happy. But the doctrine was inherently ambiguous: as a unifying principle it could not survive the civil war between pro-slavery and free-soil settlers in ‘bleeding’ Kansas or President Buchanan’s feeble yielding to supporters of a pro-slavery constitution there. Douglas’s political survival in Illinois and the wider North forced him to turn against the national administration. 


Even so, as the country’s leading Democrat he expected to win his party’s presidential nomination in 1860. By then, however, influential southerners had jettisoned popular sovereignty and, emboldened by the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in the Dred Scott case (which declared slave-owners’ property rights sacrosanct), had begun to call for federal legal protection of slavery in the territories. The party’s fraught national conventions saw it split over the issue of a federal slave code, leaving Douglas to fight the election as the candidate of the regular Democrats, and the Kentucky slave-owner, John C Breckinridge, to stand as the representative of southern radicals who stood ready to countenance quitting the Union if they did not get their way. 

The leading Democrat, Stephen A Douglas. He failed to prevent his party splitting over the issue of slavery. (Library of Congress)

Why didn’t Lincoln run in the South?

Southern nervousness over the rise of an antislavery party boiled over in the fall of 1859 following the misbegotten attempt of the abolitionist John Brown to spur a slave uprising by seizing the federal armoury at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Horrified southern leaders denounced the ‘Black Republicans’ as fomenters of racial revolution. But the Republicans cast themselves as the genuinely national party, loyal to the intentions of the nation’s founders and true to the interests of the non-slaveholding whites of the South. This was a self-perception reinforced by the polemical writings of a North Carolinian, Hinton Rowan Helper, whose Impending Crisis of the South attributed the condition of impoverished southern whites and the backwardness of their economy to slavery’s corrosive effect on enterprise and opportunity. 


The book became a mainstay of Republican propagandists in 1860. Southern authorities banned it, while vigilantes murdered or drove out those who preached its doctrines. Lincoln’s party put up candidates in some of the states of the slave border region, and Lincoln himself earned several thousand votes in border slave states such as Missouri and Delaware, but did not risk life and limb in the lower South, where no Republicans appeared on the ballot.

Slaves in a cotton field near Savannah, Georgia in the c1860s. (Corbis)

Did the Democrats’ schism hand the election to the Republicans?

Lincoln won the presidency with a mere 40 per cent of the popular vote, seven per cent less than the combined ballots of his two Democrat rivals. But the split in the Democratic Party did not itself deliver the Republican victory, for Lincoln secured clear majorities in almost every free state, including New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Massachusetts and the other populous states where the presidential electors were concentrated. Even as a combined force, the opposition parties would not have won. 

Lincoln easily dominated the electoral college, with 180 votes to Breckinridge’s 72 and Douglas’s 12. 
A fourth candidate for the presidency, John Bell, appealing to conservative voters who had lost their political home with the death of the old Whig party, won just 39. More significant than the Democrats’ schism in opening the door to Lincoln’s victory was the Republicans’ success in putting a squeeze on Bell’s Constitutional Union party in the lower North. 

Did Lincoln’s election warrant the secession of southern states?

Southern nationalist ‘fire-eaters’ moved quickly to mobilise support for secession from a Union that had elected a ‘Black Republican’ on a purely sectional vote. Jumpy southern whites believed that an abolitionist in the White House would use the levers of government to bring about the revolution that had eluded John Brown. For their part, southern conservatives cautioned against hasty action that smacked of both panic and hubris. 
As South Carolina led the charge towards separation, a dyspeptic realist, James Pettigru, remarked that the state was too small for a republic, yet too large for a lunatic asylum. 


Prudent slave-owners pointed out that the Republicans were no immediate menace to the South: the party controlled neither Congress nor the Supreme Court, and Lincoln was anyway no radical abolitionist. They were correct in judging immediate secession a far riskier course than waiting for an overt act of aggression from the new administration in Washington. Southern radicals, however, confident in the Cotton Kingdom’s capacity to sustain itself at home and abroad, exploited the fevered times and carried the day. Above all, they played on fears that the new president would stock the slave-states with federal post-holders – a nucleus of antislavery fifth-columnists dedicated to effecting a political and racial revolution throughout the region. 

A contemporary oil painting of a US slave market in 1852. By this time, the issue of slavery had already driven America to the brink of civil war on two occasions. (Bridgeman Art Library)

What part did the election outcome play in the coming of civil war?

War followed upon southern secession because Lincoln, supported by a majority of northerners, refused to concede that any of his fellow countrymen had a constitutional right of withdrawal from a ‘perpetual’ Union, and certainly not in response to a democratic election fairly contested and legitimately won. When in early April 1861 Lincoln sent an unarmed vessel to resupply a federal fort in Charleston harbour, the Confederate batteries opened fire. As Lincoln later put it: “Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish.”

The war, then, was about the survival of the nation and, in its early stages at least, not about the survival or death of slavery. But the election of 1860 revealed the huge fissure between North and South over their incompatible understandings of the peculiar institution’s future in the republic. That fissure had grown more profound since the annexation of Texas (1845) and the Mexican cession (1848) had raised fundamental questions about the status of slavery in the new acquisitions. The political contention reached its climax in the election of 1860. 

Whatever the later claims of Confederates and their modern successors, the crisis of the Union of 1861–65 was not about ‘state’s rights’ in the abstract. It was about the apparent threat to the power of the slave states to regulate their ‘domestic institutions’. 


No one explained this better than Lincoln himself, a month before his assassination. The slaves, he said, “constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was, somehow, the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union, even by war; while the government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it.” The election of 1860 was at the heart of this story.  

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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Historyextra . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Pine Leaf was a Woman Chief and warrior of the Crow people. And she married four wives

Left photo - Assiniboin Boy, a Gros Ventre man, photo by Edward S. Curtis. Wikipedia/Public Domain, Right photo - Gros Ventre moving camp with travois. Wikipedia/Public Domain

A girl was born in 1806 to the Gros Ventres but in a wave of inter-tribal rage and revenge, she was kidnapped by a raiding party of Crows when she was only 10. A Crow warrior adopted her and raised as one of his people. She seemed quite rebellious toward “girl’s behaviour” and was keen to acquire skills which were traditionally perceived as male ones. Her foster father had already lost his sons in battles or illness and keenly encouraged the pursuits of his daughter – Pine Leaf. She was educated as she was a boy and assisted in gaining her skills in horse riding, marksmanship, and ability to field-dress a buffalo. However, she kept dressing as a girl.

Idealized illustration of “Pine Leaf,” possibly identified with Woman Chief, from James Beckwourth’s autobiography.

After the death of her father, she gained the leadership of his lodge. She got the respect as a warrior after she proved her skills in a riot with the Blackfoots. Pine Leaf was also the most reliable in defending her people whenever there was a need for it. She would answer to any fight in order to protect her people. Also, she formed a group of warriors with whom she reportedly attacked the Blackfoot and stole their horses.

Six Blackfeet chiefs painted by Paul Kane along the South Saskatchewan River in Canada ( c.1851-1856).

It was natural for her to be chosen as bacheeítche (Chief) in the Council of Chiefs and to represent her lodge. She was given the name Bíawacheeitchish, or “Woman Chief.” Later, she would become third among the Council’s 160 lodges. From all data about her, it is hard to say if she married four wives because she was attracted to them or for the benefits of their dowry to increase her wealth.

She made peace with the Gros Ventres party but after a few years, some of their people killed her.


She met with a number of Western explorers including Edwin Denig and Rudolph Kurz, and they were enchanted by her. All stories written about Pine Leaf praise her bravery, cleverness, and skills.

Crow Indians, c. 1878–1883.

Most of the information the world has about her come from James Beckwourth who wrote about Pine Leaf – the Crow warrior. In his writings, he seems fascinated by her, which leaves the reader with the question if he used his fascination lead him to an imagination about the things he wrote. Beckwourth claimed that he met Pine Leaf while living with the Crow in the 1820s.

Left photo – James P. Beckwourth, circa 1860, in Denver, Kansas Territory.  Right photo – Beckwourth as an Indian warrior, 1856.

He also claimed to have had a romantic relationship with Pine Leaf, which is also not a very reliable fact.

There are a few other woman-warriors beside Pine Leaf, all from the Crow Nation. Two such are Akkeekaahuush and Biliíche Héeleelash who was a prominent war leader.

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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Thevintagenews . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Funerals for writer Edgar Allan Poe, 160 years after his death

Funerals for writer Edgar Allan Poe, 160 years after his death literature, funeral, Poe, funeral, death

American master of macabre fiction has had, finally, a funeral ceremony worthy of a great writer.

True to his funeral, spent in 1849, only 10 people took part. The writer's death, a pioneer of science fiction stories and virtuoso romantic "black", marked by sensational mysteries and dark atmosphere, it was very mysterious, because they are not known until today.

Edgar Allan Poe died on October 7, 1849, aged only 40, just days after being found near a bar in the city of Baltimore, in a deplorable state, delirious, unable to explain what happened.

Edgar Allen Poe 1898 photo: wikipedia.org

Over time, various theories have been proposed on the cause of his death: cholera, rabies, syphilis, alcoholism, cerebral congestion ... One explanation there is not yet universally accepted.

Funeral ceremony this year included speeches by actors who portray famous writers; casket - containing a model that reproduces the appearance of Poe - was carried to the cemetery in Baltimore with a hearse drawn by horses, the event taking the aspect funerals in the style of the nineteenth century, worthy of great crititc literary writer who was but little understood and appreciated in his lifetime.



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Theodore Roosevelt ( The War Hero ) who wrote 35 books and made history at the White House

By  oath of president of 42 years, Theodore Roosevelt became (and remains to this day) the youngest president in US history. Within the Republican Party he was a reformer, seeking to promote conservative ideas of the party in the 20th century. It was later distanced boyfriend and his successor, William Howard Taft, and a candidate in the 1912 presidential election as the candidate of a third party, the Progressive Party, whose leader was.

Theodore Roosevelt served multiple political and non-political roles in American society of the early 20th century the governor of New York, historian, naturalist, explorer of the Amazon basin, lawyer, author, soldier. T. R. It is also famous by the type of personality that brought him to the forefront of American society, energy, interests and achievements on multiple levels, like his masculinity and his appearance of "cowboy" schools.


As  deputy secretary of the US Navy, he championed and prepared (in all respects) for a war with Spain in 1898. He organized and helped command the First Volunteer Cavalry Regiment (with the original, 1-st US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment), so called the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American war. Back in New York as a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in the same year 1898.

He wrote 35 books he has written include topics such as outdoor life, natural history, American frontier, political history, naval history and autobiography.


In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt adopted the term of the White House as the official name of presidential residence building.

Invenit Mundo presents the main historical significance of October 27th:


1466 - was born humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam known for "Praise of madness" - 1509 (d. July 12, 1536)

Desiderius Erasmus Photo wikipedia.org

1682 - Metropolitan Dosoftei began printing in Iasi, the  (4 volumes), then Byzantine and Slavic sources.

1782 - was born Niccolò Paganini, Italian violinist and composer (d. May 27, 1840)

Niccolò Paganini photo wikipedia.org

1938 - Targu-Jiu opened all conceived by Constantin Brancusi in honor Romanian soldiers who died in the battle of Jiu, including masterpieces of modern art: "Table of Silence", "The Gate of the Kiss", "Endless Column".

Constantin Brancusi photo: wikipedia.org

1990 - A director Jacques Demy died, the creator of French musical; It is known for "Lola" - 1960 and "Ladies of Rochefort" - 1967 (b. July 5, 1931)

1990 - He died actor Ugo Tognazzi, known for his roles in "The tragedy of a ridiculous man" - 1981 "last minute" - 1987 "cage crazy" - 1978 (b. March 23, 1922)

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• A famous American actor will play in the movie ( The Sculptor ) as Constantin Brancusi

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