Young galaxies "born" at least 50 stars annually: These "incubators" within young galaxies annually produce more stars than was originally estimated

photo: nasa.gov

Young galaxies in the universe appear to be very fertile and, with an annual average of 50 new stars on the size of the sun.

Updated today 21/05/2020

The recent discovery shows as "incubators" within young galaxies annually produce more stars than was originally estimated. Astronomers have "traveled" back 12.5 billion years to study one of the most remote galaxies known MS1358arc known as infant Galaxies. Light began its journey in the universe just one billion years after the creation of the cosmos, from the Big Bang.

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Bubble Worlds" --Milky Way's Star The Daily Galaxy

The study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning, the formation of the first galaxies, the way galaxies change over time, and the processes that have generated the variety of structures observed in nearby galaxies.

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Galaxy formation is hypothesized to occur, from structure formation theories, as a result of tiny quantum fluctuations in the aftermath of the Big Bang. 

The simplest model for this that is in general agreement with observed phenomena is the Λ-Cold Dark Matter cosmology; that is to say that clustering and merging is how galaxies gain in mass, and can also determine their shape and structure.

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Commonly observed properties of galaxies


Because of the inability to conduct experiments in outer space, the only way to “test” theories and models of galaxy evolution is to compare them with observations. Explanations for how galaxies formed and evolved must be able to predict the observed properties and types of galaxies.

Edwin Hubble created the first galaxy classification scheme known as the Hubble tuning-fork diagram. It partitioned galaxies into ellipticals, normal spirals, barred spirals (such as the Milky Way), and irregulars. These galaxy types exhibit the following properties which can be explained by current galaxy evolution theories:

Hubble tuning fork diagram of galaxy morphology photo: wikipedia.org

Many of the properties of galaxies (including the galaxy color–magnitude diagram) indicate that there are fundamentally two types of galaxies. These groups divide into blue star-forming galaxies that are more like spiral types, and red non-star forming galaxies that are more like elliptical galaxies.

Spiral galaxies are quite thin, dense, and rotate relatively fast, while the stars in elliptical galaxies have randomly-oriented orbits.
The majority of mass in galaxies is made up of dark matter, a substance which is not directly observable, and might not interact through any means except gravity.

The majority of giant galaxies contain a supermassive black hole in their centers, ranging in mass from millions to billions of times the mass of our Sun. The black hole mass is tied to the host galaxy bulge or spheroid mass.

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Metallicity has a positive correlation with the absolute magnitude (luminosity) of a galaxy.


Hubble thought incorrectly that the tuning fork diagram described an evolutionary sequence for galaxies, from elliptical galaxies through lenticulars to spiral galaxies. However, astronomers now believe that disk galaxies likely formed first, then evolved into elliptical galaxies through galaxy mergers.

So-called "gravitational lenses" were used to enlarge the galaxy using light how "fits" on a nearby star cluster. With this technique, the researchers could observe rapid ascent generated by the formation of new stars. Thus, they could conclude that new stars are created in the galaxy at a speed 100 times higher than the average forecast initially.

With a diameter of 6000 light-years, "collection" of stars will most likely evolve into a new spiral galaxy similar to the Milky Way.

Artist image of a firestorm of star birth deep inside core of young, growing elliptical galaxy. photo: wikipedia.org

Galaxy mergers and the formation of elliptical galaxies 

Elliptical galaxies (such as IC 1101) are among some of the largest known thus far. Their stars are on orbits that are randomly oriented within the galaxy (i.e. they are not rotating like disk galaxies). A distinguishing feature of elliptical galaxies is that the velocity of the stars does not necessarily contribute to flattening of the galaxy, such as in spiral galaxies. Elliptical galaxies have supermassive black holes at their center, and the mass of these black holes correlates with the galaxy’s mass.

NGC 4676 (Mice Galaxies) is an example of a present merger. photo: wikipedia.org

Elliptical galaxies have two main stages of evolution. The first is due to the supermassive black hole increasing in size from accreting cooling gas. The second stage is marked by the black hole stabilizing by suppressing gas cooling, thus leaving the elliptical galaxy in a stable state.The mass of the black hole is also correlated to a property called sigma which is the dispersion of the velocities of stars in the elliptical galaxies. 

This relationship, known as the M-sigma relation, was discovered in 2000. Elliptical galaxies do not have disks around them, although some bulges of disk galaxies look similar to elliptical galaxies. It is more likely to find elliptical galaxies in more crowded regions of the universe (such as galaxy clusters).

Antennae Galaxies are a pair of colliding galaxies - the bright, blue knots are young stars that have recently ignited as a result of the merger. photo: wikipedia.org

Astronomers now see elliptical galaxies as some of the most evolved systems in the universe. It is widely accepted that the main driving force for the evolution of elliptical galaxies is mergers of smaller galaxies. Many galaxies in the universe are gravitationally bound to other galaxies, which means that they will never escape the pull of the other galaxy. 

ESO 325-G004, a typical elliptical galaxy. photo: wikipedia.org

If the galaxies are of similar size, the resultant galaxy will appear similar to neither of the two galaxies merging,but will instead be an elliptical galaxy. There are many types of galaxy mergers, which do not necessarily result in elliptical galaxies, but result in a change in the structure of the mergers. For example, a minor merger event is thought to be occurring between the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds.



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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by The Telegraph and Wikipedia . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

The First Stars in the Universe could provide clues about Dark Matter

Photo : softpedia.com

The first stars appeared in the Universe which might contain clues to provide more explanations about the origin of dark matter, a substance that still retains its mysteries, 70 years after it was discovered by researchers, informs AFP.

Based on mathematical models created on your computer, researchers at the University of Durham, UK, concluded that dark matter, which is of two types, "hot" and "cold" was essential to the formation of the first stars in the Universe .

Photo:  softpedia.com

Shortly after the Big Bang, which occurred 13.7 billion years ago, matter which form when the Universe was smooth as the surface of a river, with a few small undulations. These undulations extended under the effect of gravity which act on dark matter particles contained. Between these particles penetrated gas, and in this process occurred first stars, about 100 million years after the Big Bang, according to the researchers.

British experts say that a large number of stars of different sizes so the vast explosions occurred simultaneously resemble long filaments, which suddenly became incandescent.

Stellar Evolution Photo: physics.stackexchange.com

Liang Gao, one of the co-authors of the study, explained that "these filaments of measurements about 9,000 light years, or a quarter of the length of the Milky Way" galaxy of which the Earth.

Stars born in such dark matter "hot" with a lower density, should still exist in the Milky Way and their analysis should provide clues to unravel the mysteries of dark matter, according to astro-physicists.

Instead, the first stars formed from dark matter particles "cold" were denser and could not survive as much as those formed from matter "hot", according to the mathematical model devised by researchers.

US astronomers announced in May that they had uncovered a ring of dark matter in a galaxy cluster, which is probably the most important so far this mysterious substance that forms over a fifth of the universe.

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A new theory on the Creation of the Universe, effects of quantum mechanics disprove the Big Bang

An international team of researchers has backed up the growing hypothesis that the Big Bang was actually a 'Big Bounce', meaning that the Universe didn’t pop into existence. Instead, it simply started expanding again after contracting fully.

If correct, the team’s findings might explain how the Universe transitioned from contraction to expansion, a debate that has been raging over the Big Bounce hypothesis since it was first introduced nearly 100 years ago.

Before we get into the new findings, let's take a quick overview of what the Big Bounce is. Put simply, it’s a hypothesis that was created to explain how the Universe formed.

Unlike the Big Bang model, though, which states that our Universe was born out of nothing but a gigantic explosion from an infinitely dense point, the Big Bounce proposes that the Universe is constantly expanding and contracting.

This means that the Universe operates sort of like a balloon, where it expands from a single point, grows and grows until it reaches some maximum distance, and then contracts back to the original point, starting the whole process over again.

Until now, one of the biggest road blocks to this hypothetical model was how the Universe would transition from contraction to expansion when it is fully ‘deflated’. The new study hopes to solve that using the properties of quantum mechanics.

According to the team – consisting of physicists from the UK and Canada – when the Universe is at its smallest point, it is ruled by quantum mechanics instead of the normal physics of the everyday world around us.

At this extremely small scale, the Universe would be saved from destruction because the effects of quantum mechanics would, in essence, keep everything together

"Quantum mechanics saves us when things break down," explains team member Steffen Gielen, from Imperial College London.

"It saves electrons from falling in and destroying atoms, so maybe it could also save the early Universe from such violent beginnings and endings as the Big Bang and Big Crunch." (Spoiler: The Big Curnch is how scientists predict our Universe might end, and it ain't pretty.

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To come to that conclusion, the team built a computer model that simulates how the Universe might have evolved over time.

When all was said and done, they found that using quantum mechanics, the Universe could have expanded from a single point even with the minimal amount of ingredients – radiation and a little matter – that were present at the time.

"The big surprise in our work is that we could describe the earliest moments of the hot Big Bang quantum mechanically, under very reasonable and minimal assumptions about the matter present in the Universe," said team member Neil Turk, from the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada. "Under these assumptions, the Big Bang was a 'bounce', in which contraction reversed to expansion."

While the current model explains how the Universe might have transitioned between expansion and contraction, the team is now looking to see if it can eventually produce the objects inside the Universe, such as galaxies and other celestial structures.

This isn’t the first time a team of scientists have claimed that the Big Bang as we know it might have never happened.

Back in February, a team of researchers from Egypt created a model that stated that the Universe has no beginning or end. Instead, using quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of general relativity, they suggested that the Universe has simply been going forever.

Hopefully, as computer models continue to get more powerful with each passing day, we will eventually have a better, more complete understanding of how our Universe formed - and one day might all disappear.


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The new study was published in the journal Physical Review Letters.