NOBEL PHYSICS 2016. Nobel Prize winners are David DJ. Thouless, F. M. Duncan Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz

Nobel Physics Prize winners for 2016 are David J. Thouless, F. M. Duncan Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz, announced on Tuesday the Nobel committee in Stockholm.

David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz winners of 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for discoveries,, theoretical topological phase transitions and topographic phases of matter ''.

Nobel Prize winners in 2016 they opened a new gate in the different states of matter. Using advanced mathematical methods, they studied the unusual phases or states of matter, such as superconductors, magnetic superfluidele strata. Thanks to their work, researchers can explore unusual phases of matter.

Kosterlitz and Thouless have studied the phenomenon that occurs in a flat world surfaces or extremely thin layers inside that can be considered two-dimensional compared to the three-dimensional (length, width and height), which are generally easier to describe. Also, Haidan studied the matter that is formed in the form of yarn, so thin as can be regarded as one-dimensional.


Their discovery has provided important information regarding theoretical understanding of the mysteries of matter, offering new perspectives on the development of innovative materials.

Last year, the Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to researchers Takaaki Kajita Japanese and Canadian Arthur B. McDonald for their significant contributions regarding experiments showed that neutrinos change their identities, metamorphosis implies that they have mass .

Since 1901, the prize for Physics was awarded 109 times and were 201 winners, including the only two women: Marie Curie and Maria Goeppert-Mayer. 47 times the prize was awarded to a single winner. However, John Bardeen received the Nobel Physics twice.

The youngest of the laureates was Noben Lawrence Bragg, who was 25 when he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his father in 1915. The oldest winner is David Raymond Jr., who was 88 years old when he received the prize for physics in 2002.

Nobel season began Monday, when Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi was awarded the prize for medicine in 2016 for discovering the mechanism of autophagy. Errors in these genes can cause a range of diseases, and these findings help explain the causes of diseases like cancer or Parkinson's disease.

2015 Nobel season will continue on Wednesday with chemistry award. Thursday will be announced the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature.

Nobel Peace Prize winner - awarded only by Norway, according to the desire of the founder of the prestigious awards, Alfred Nobel - will be announced Friday. Nobel Prize for economics will be presented Monday, October 12th.

The laureates will receive a gold medal and a prize of 8 million Swedish kronor (about 850,000 euros) which can be split between up to three winners in each category.

Physics laureates receive a medal that represents Nature in the form of a goddess, like Isis, coming out of the clouds and has hands horn of plenty, and the veil which covers the face austere genius is supported by Science.

On the medal is inscribed a quote from Virgil, Aeneid inspired: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes (Inventions enrich life which art adorns a), and below is engraved the name of the laureate. The design belongs to Erik Lindberg.

Nobel laureates will receive their awards during a formal ceremony in Stockholm and Oslo on December 10, the day that commemorates the death of prize founder Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896.

Name nominees and other information about them or about the selection process can not be made public for 50 years.

Nobel Prizes are awarded since 1901, except for the economy, established in 1968 by the Swedish Central Bank to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the founding of this institution. The awards were created after the death of Alfred Nobel weld engineer (1833 - 1896), inventor of dynamite, in his will according to his will.


Physics was the first area of the awards mentioned in the will of Alfred Nobel, the scholar and businessman Swedish ruled that the income of his immense fortune to be offered each year "in the form of prizes to those who, in the previous year, brought the greatest service to humanity ".

Other articles on the same theme:

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• Sigmund Freud, the psychiatrist who scandalized the scientific world.
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Source: Descopera

New Dan Brown novel entitled "Origins" out next year in the popular series of The Da Vinci Code

Robert Langdon, the famous "symbologist" from Harvard, created by writer Dan Brown, wipes dust off the tweed jacket and on his shirt the color of coal and engage in solving another mystery in future novel author c- s, Brown announced his publishers.

The novel will be released on September 26th 2017 and is continuing other novels of type thriller Brown's, the main character is Robert Langdon, "The Da Vinci Code," "Angels and Demons", "The Lost Symbol" and "Inferno".

In the novel, author Dan Brown weaves intrigue about "codes, science, religion, history, art and architecture," wrote Brown's publishers, according to The Guardian.


"Novel" Origin "will appear readers to Langdon trying to find answers to the most enduring questions of humanity. The teacher will make a discovery that will shake the world," said the editors at Doubleday in the United States and from Transworld UK in a note about the novel, which promises to be full of enigmas, as Dan Brown and the ordinary public.

wikipedia.org

According to Brown's publishers, there are more than 200 million copies of his books in print worldwide.

The Bookseller says it sold 16 millions of books by Dan Brown in Britain, only novel "The Da Vinci Code" is in selling 4.5 million copies.




The latest title of Brown's "Inferno" and has sold more than 1.6 million copies in the UK. A film adaptation of the book "Inferno" with Tom Hanks in the role of Langdon, will appear shortly.

"Over the last 15 years has been an absolute privilege to publish stories of Dan Brown's electrifying. Reinterpret historical writer and his genius were colossal," said British publisher Bill Scott.


The 2006 film adaptation of the novel "The Da Vinci Code" and the big screen version, in 2009, the novel "Angels and Demons" - both written by Dan Brown - generated revenues of more than 1.24 billion dollars worldwide both made by Sony Pictures studios.

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Rosetta space probe mission will end tomorrow 30 september, she will join robot probe Philae on Churyumov–Gerasimenko comet

After 12 years space probe Rosetta European mission will conclude on September 30, announced the European Space Agency (ESA).

Recall that the ESA Rosetta mission launched on 2 March 2004 and 2014 are located around the orbit of the comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Scientists hope the mission will help to obtain more information about the origin and evolution of celestial bodies.

A mysterious tomb was discovered in Greece. '' We do not know who is buried inside ''

An ancient tomb found in northern Greece is probably a monument to Hephaestion, Alexander's companion, a team of archaeologists announced, cited by AFP.

"Suppose it's a funerary shrine dedicated to Hephaestion," said the press Katerina Peristeri, leading Amphipolis archaeological work on the site. "We do not know if it's buried inside," she added.

According to the ancient historian Plutarch, when Hephaestion died in Ectaban (Iran), "Alexander and asked his architect, Deinokrates, to lift mausoleums in the country", recalled Peristeri. Amphipolis massive tomb (located about 60 kilometers from the city of Serres) is the largest ever found in Greece. He was brought to light in 2012 and opened last year, fueling speculation that could be dedicated to a close friend of Alexander, his mother, Olympia, or his wife, Roxana. 

Investigations have not led yet to find a definitive answer. Archaeologists have found three inscriptions, one of which is the monogram of Hephaestion.

But other archaeologists put into question the discovery team Katerina Peristeri, saying that the tomb was not conducted under the Romans and the Macedonians. Peristeri maintains that it was built in the fourth century BCE century, between 325 and 300, and was used until Roman times.

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