375 years ago on 8 January aged 77 : Died the visionary who achieved the impossible

Galileo showed the Doge of Venice how to use the telescope (Fresco by Giuseppe Bertini) photo: wikipedia

On January 8th 1642 died the Italian Galileo Galilei, mathematician, astronomer and physicist Italian Renaissance.

Galileo escaped in extremis by burning at the stake, but was jailed at home until the end of life, for the impudence to present realities heliocentric system. Galileo was rehabilitated until 31 October 1992, nearly 350 years after his death, by Pope John Paul II.

Andreas Cellarius's illustration of the Copernican system, from the Harmonia Macrocosmica wikipedia

Galileo continued to receive visitors until 1642, when, after suffering fever and heart palpitations, he died on 8 January 1642, aged 77. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour.

Portrait von Ferdinando II de' Medici, Großherzog von Toskana. Öl auf Leinwand. 90 x 74 cm wikipedia

These plans were dropped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested,because Galileo had been condemned by the Catholic Church for "vehement suspicion of heresy He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices'chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy.

Tomb of Galileo, Santa Croce, Florence photo: wikipedia

He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour;during this move, three fingers and a tooth were removed from his remains.One of these fingers, the middle finger from Galileo's right hand, is currently on exhibition at the Museo Galileo in Florence, Italy


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length.

A famous physicist demonstrated that the 2015 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to the wrong person

2015 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded for the discovery of  (neutrino oscillations) through which it is proved that neutrinos have mass. 

The report does not claim the prize holders deserved or not that research was flawed, the physicist argues that the way the commission interpreted discovery is wrong. The award was given for research into neutrinos, particles (phantom) which appear from nuclear interaction as well as the center of the sun.

Japanese Physicist Wins 2015 Nobel Prize For Neutrino Research

They are described as (ghost particles) because rarely interact with matter. The only way that scientists can detect the presence of neutrinos is through their interaction with subatomic weak forces and gravity, using Super-Kamiokande detector and the detector particles from Japan or Neutrino Sudbury Observatory (SNO) in Canada.

SNO detector installed underground, before cabling the photomultiplier tubes. (Courtesy of SNO) photo: wikipedia

Experts have discovered that there are three types of neutrinos - electronic, muon and taonic. A neutrino can become electronic or taonic, this process is called oscillation. Super-K detector that can detect muon neutrinos generated only by cosmic rays hitting the Earth's atmosphere, it revealed that the Earth is hit much more atmospheric neutrinos at the surface than in its interior. This phenomenon suggests that neutrinos oscillated while penetrated the atmosphere Super-K detector because he could not detect.



SNO detector team used in 2001 and 2002 for observation of the Sun neutrinos. One of their techniques can only detect electrons, neutrino and another method to detect all three types. The results showed that when the neutrino electron reached Earth, only 34% of them remained electrons neutrino, which means that over time changed their shape.

Nobel Committee for Physics interpreted these results as evidence that neutrinos can oscillate while traveling and finally they have mass.

Alexei Smirnov physicist from Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Germany stated in his work that the committee members have used the wrong word (oscillation). 

He believes the Japanese team successfully proved oscillation action, but the team that used the SNO detector proved what was happening to the neutrinos from the Sun, more subtle change.

Physicist Awarded Einstein Medal ICTP

photo: taringa.net

Smirnov believes that neutrinos from the Sun change its type, but not through oscillations as Nobel committee members have understood.


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