A famous physicist demonstrated that the 2015 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to the wrong person

2015 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded for the discovery of  (neutrino oscillations) through which it is proved that neutrinos have mass. 

The report does not claim the prize holders deserved or not that research was flawed, the physicist argues that the way the commission interpreted discovery is wrong. The award was given for research into neutrinos, particles (phantom) which appear from nuclear interaction as well as the center of the sun.

Japanese Physicist Wins 2015 Nobel Prize For Neutrino Research

They are described as (ghost particles) because rarely interact with matter. The only way that scientists can detect the presence of neutrinos is through their interaction with subatomic weak forces and gravity, using Super-Kamiokande detector and the detector particles from Japan or Neutrino Sudbury Observatory (SNO) in Canada.

SNO detector installed underground, before cabling the photomultiplier tubes. (Courtesy of SNO) photo: wikipedia

Experts have discovered that there are three types of neutrinos - electronic, muon and taonic. A neutrino can become electronic or taonic, this process is called oscillation. Super-K detector that can detect muon neutrinos generated only by cosmic rays hitting the Earth's atmosphere, it revealed that the Earth is hit much more atmospheric neutrinos at the surface than in its interior. This phenomenon suggests that neutrinos oscillated while penetrated the atmosphere Super-K detector because he could not detect.



SNO detector team used in 2001 and 2002 for observation of the Sun neutrinos. One of their techniques can only detect electrons, neutrino and another method to detect all three types. The results showed that when the neutrino electron reached Earth, only 34% of them remained electrons neutrino, which means that over time changed their shape.

Nobel Committee for Physics interpreted these results as evidence that neutrinos can oscillate while traveling and finally they have mass.

Alexei Smirnov physicist from Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Germany stated in his work that the committee members have used the wrong word (oscillation). 

He believes the Japanese team successfully proved oscillation action, but the team that used the SNO detector proved what was happening to the neutrinos from the Sun, more subtle change.

Physicist Awarded Einstein Medal ICTP

photo: taringa.net

Smirnov believes that neutrinos from the Sun change its type, but not through oscillations as Nobel committee members have understood.


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• 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to researchers Jean Pierre Sauvage Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa

• NOBEL PEACE 2016. Juan Manuel Santos, Colombia president

• Physicists have made an unexpected discovery related to the second law of thermodynamics, one of the most important principles of physics

• Yoshinori Ohsumi won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2016

Theodore Roosevelt ( The War Hero ) who wrote 35 books and made history at the White House

By  oath of president of 42 years, Theodore Roosevelt became (and remains to this day) the youngest president in US history. Within the Republican Party he was a reformer, seeking to promote conservative ideas of the party in the 20th century. It was later distanced boyfriend and his successor, William Howard Taft, and a candidate in the 1912 presidential election as the candidate of a third party, the Progressive Party, whose leader was.

Theodore Roosevelt served multiple political and non-political roles in American society of the early 20th century the governor of New York, historian, naturalist, explorer of the Amazon basin, lawyer, author, soldier. T. R. It is also famous by the type of personality that brought him to the forefront of American society, energy, interests and achievements on multiple levels, like his masculinity and his appearance of "cowboy" schools.


As  deputy secretary of the US Navy, he championed and prepared (in all respects) for a war with Spain in 1898. He organized and helped command the First Volunteer Cavalry Regiment (with the original, 1-st US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment), so called the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American war. Back in New York as a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in the same year 1898.

He wrote 35 books he has written include topics such as outdoor life, natural history, American frontier, political history, naval history and autobiography.


In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt adopted the term of the White House as the official name of presidential residence building.

Invenit Mundo presents the main historical significance of October 27th:


1466 - was born humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam known for "Praise of madness" - 1509 (d. July 12, 1536)

Desiderius Erasmus Photo wikipedia.org

1682 - Metropolitan Dosoftei began printing in Iasi, the  (4 volumes), then Byzantine and Slavic sources.

1782 - was born Niccolò Paganini, Italian violinist and composer (d. May 27, 1840)

Niccolò Paganini photo wikipedia.org

1938 - Targu-Jiu opened all conceived by Constantin Brancusi in honor Romanian soldiers who died in the battle of Jiu, including masterpieces of modern art: "Table of Silence", "The Gate of the Kiss", "Endless Column".

Constantin Brancusi photo: wikipedia.org

1990 - A director Jacques Demy died, the creator of French musical; It is known for "Lola" - 1960 and "Ladies of Rochefort" - 1967 (b. July 5, 1931)

1990 - He died actor Ugo Tognazzi, known for his roles in "The tragedy of a ridiculous man" - 1981 "last minute" - 1987 "cage crazy" - 1978 (b. March 23, 1922)

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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Descopera  . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to researchers Jean Pierre Sauvage Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa

Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa were rewarded with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences jury. They were awarded for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.

Experts have developed the smallest machine in the world. 2016 Nobel laureates were honored for developing molecular machines that are currently thousands of times thinner than a human hair.

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2016 by Jean-Perre Sauvage, University of Strasbourg, France, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA, and Bernard L. Feringa at the University of Groningen, Netherlands.

Jean-Perre Sauvage, University of Strasbourg, France, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA, and Bernard L. Feringa at the University of Groningen, Netherlands.

 The machine developed by Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Fraser Stoddart and Ben Feringa will be used by researchers worldwide to develop advanced creations. One of the examples is uitmitoare molecular robot that can catch and can connect amino acids, built in 2013.
Other researchers polymer molecular motors connected to form a net. When molecular motors are exposed to light, the net tightening in a bundle. If researchers will discover a light recovery technique could develop a new type of battery.
Computational technology development demonstrates how miniaturization technology (or nanotechnology) can lead to a revolution. Nobel laureates in Chemistry 2016 have pushed so miniaturized machines and chemistry to a new dimension, says the press release published on the official website of the prestigious Nobel prizes.
The first step in designing a molecular machines was made by Jean-Pierre Sauvage in 1983, when he managed to link two ring-shaped molecules together to form a chain called "chain". Normally, the molecules are linked by strong covalent bonds, which atoms share electrons. Instead chain were connected by a mechanical link freer. A machine able to perform a task should be composed of parts that can move relative to each other. The two rings joined fulfilled this requirement exactly.
The second step was taken by Fraser Stoddart in 1991, when he developed a "rotaxane" [ "rotaxane" - an architecture molecular synchronized mechanically composed of a molecule shaped like a dumbbell that is threaded into a macrocycle molecular (a macrocycle is formed chains of 8 or more molecules, or 12 or more molecules, for example the drugs in series of macrolides, according to literature - No]. He threaded a ring molecular on a shaft molecular thin and proved that ring can move around the axis. Among the things he developed based on "rotaxane" are: a molecular elevator, a molecular muscles and a computer chip at the molecular level.
Bernard Feringa was the first person who developed a molecular motor; in 1999, he managed to make a molecular rotor blade to continuously rotate in the same direction. Using molecular motors, it has turned a glass cylinder, which is 10,000 times higher than the engine and also designed a nanomachines.
2016 Chemistry Nobel Prize laureates have brought stalemate equilibrium molecular systems causing them to move in a controlled manner. In terms of development, molecular motor is the same level that was the electric motor in the 1830s, when engineers have developed various levers and wheels, without knowing that these inventions will lead to the production of electric trains, washing machines, the fans and the machines that process food. Nanomachines (molecular machines) will most likely be used in developing new materials, sensors and energy storage systems.

 Nobel Prize in Chemistry this year was given to researchers in recognition of their success in linking molecules to design anything from a car engine at small scale muscle.
"They have mastered the movements of control molecular scale," according to Olof Ramstrom, the Nobel Committee.
Reacting to the announcement of the prize Professor Feringa said: "I do not know what to say, I'm shocked. And my second reaction was: I'm a little nervous."
Jean-Pierre Sauvage was born in 1944 in Paris, France. He obtained a doctorate in 1971 from the University of Strasbourg. Professor emeritus at the University of Strasbourg and emeritus director of research at the National Centre for Scientific Research in France.
Sir J. Fraser Stoddart was born in 1942 in Edinburgh, UK. He obtained a doctorate in 1966 from the University of Edinburgh. Part of the Administration Council of Teachers of Chemistry in Northwestern University, Evanston, USA.Bernard L. Feringa was born in 1951 in Barger-Compascuum, Netherlands. He has obtained a doctorate in 1978 from the University of Groningen, Netherlands. Is a professor in organic chemistry at the University of Groningen, Netherlands.
Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir Bernard J Fraser Stoddart and L Feringa will share the prize of 8 million Swedish kronor (about 850,000 euros) for the design and synthesis of molecular-scale machines.
Winners will receive one gold medal. On Medal in Chemistry Nobel laureates in Physics and it is Nature, in the form of a goddess, like Isis, coming out of the clouds and has hands horn of plenty, and the veil which covers the face austere genius is supported by Science.
On the medal is inscribed a quote from Virgil, Aeneid inspired: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes (Inventions enrich life which art adorns a), and below is engraved the name of the laureate. The design belongs to Erik Lindberg.
Nobel diploma and is a unique work of art created by the most famous artists and calligraphers Swedes and Norwegians.
In 2015, Swedish researchers Tomas Lindahl, American and Turkish-American Paul Modrich Aziz Sancar were rewarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their studies about the cellular mechanisms of DNA repair, according to the Nobel Committee motivation.
Chemistry was the importance of science in their work of Alfred Nobel, chemist, inventor and industrialist with businesses in the production of weapons. Putting his inventions and the whole industrial process from its factories were based on knowledge of chemistry and, therefore, the chemistry was the second field of the awards after physics, said the Nobel in his will.
From 1901 to 2014, there were 172 winners of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry 106 reward being awarded in the years 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, and 1942.
Only four women have received this award: 1911 - Marie Curie (who Aprime Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903) 1935 - Irène Joliot-Curie (daughter of Marie Curie and the wife of Frédéric Joliot) 1964 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 2009 - Ada Yonath.
Frederick Sanger received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry twice (1958 and 1980).


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• NOBEL PEACE 2016. Juan Manuel Santos, Colombia president, is the winner of this year

Source: Descopera

NOBEL PEACE 2016. Juan Manuel Santos, Colombia president, is the winner of this year

President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize 2016 for his efforts to end 50 years of civil war.

Following the civil war in Colombia that lasted 50 years, more than 220,000 lives perished and about six million people had been relocated. Nobel Peace Prize 2016 was awarded the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, and all the inhabitants of the country who have not lost hope for peace. Also, the prize is a tribute to all victims of the civil war.

President Santos has initiated negotiations that culminated in the peace agreement between the Colombian government and FARC guerrillas, it continuously trying to advance the peace process. It is well known that the agreement had controversy and Colombian residents were able to express their opinion through a referendum on the document. The result was unexpected votes, about 13 million votes were against the agreement. Even if residents were against the agreement, the process can be brought to an end.

Norwegian Nobel Committee wanted to stress the importance that President Santos currently invites all parties to participate in a national conference through which desired acceleration of peacebuilding.

The Nobel Committee believes that despite the failure of the referendum, President Santos brought the conflict to a state very close to a possible peace agreement.

This year, the number of candidates nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize has reached the record figure of 376, surpassing the previous record of 278 proposals, established in 2014, the Nobel Committee announced in Oslo institution that provides distinction.The list this year includes 228 individuals and 148 organizations, and among others, the list included Pope Francis, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, the volunteers who helped immigrants arrived on the Greek Islands or American actress Susan Sarandon, and controversial businessman and politician Donald Trump, the Republican Party candidate in the US presidential election.Nobel Peace Prize for 2015 was awarded the National Dialogue Quartet in Tunisia, "for his decisive contribution to building a pluralist democracy" in the country after the revolution in 2011. 

The quartet was formed in the summer of 2013, when the process of democratization Tunisia was in danger of collapse because of political assassinations and social unrest. It established an alternative political process peacefully, at a time when the country was on the verge of civil war.

In his will, Alfred Nobel Swedish industrialist and philanthropist (1833-1896) considered that the peace prize should return "one who acted the most or best for the fraternization of peoples, weapons abolition or reduction of standing, the initiation and multiplication peace congresses. "Over time, the Nobel committee has broadened the concept to reward artisans of humanitarian, environmental advocates and champions of the fight against poverty.Nobel Prizes are awarded since 1901, except for the economy, established in 1968 by the Swedish Central Bank to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the founding of this institution. The awards were created after the death of Alfred Nobel weld engineer (1833 - 1896), inventor of dynamite, in his will according to his will.

Nobel season began on 3 October 2016, when Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi was awarded the prize for medicine in 2016 for discovering the mechanism of autophagy. Errors in these genes can cause a range of diseases, and these findings help explain the causes of diseases like cancer or Parkinson's disease.

Yoshinori Ohsumi

October 4th, researchers David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz were declared winners of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2016. The prize was awarded for discoveries ,, theoretical topological phase transitions and topographic phases of matter ''.

David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz

October 5th, Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa were rewarded with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, for the design and synthesis of molecular machines. 




Source:  Descopera

NOBEL PHYSICS 2016. Nobel Prize winners are David DJ. Thouless, F. M. Duncan Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz

Nobel Physics Prize winners for 2016 are David J. Thouless, F. M. Duncan Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz, announced on Tuesday the Nobel committee in Stockholm.

David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz winners of 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for discoveries,, theoretical topological phase transitions and topographic phases of matter ''.

Nobel Prize winners in 2016 they opened a new gate in the different states of matter. Using advanced mathematical methods, they studied the unusual phases or states of matter, such as superconductors, magnetic superfluidele strata. Thanks to their work, researchers can explore unusual phases of matter.

Kosterlitz and Thouless have studied the phenomenon that occurs in a flat world surfaces or extremely thin layers inside that can be considered two-dimensional compared to the three-dimensional (length, width and height), which are generally easier to describe. Also, Haidan studied the matter that is formed in the form of yarn, so thin as can be regarded as one-dimensional.


Their discovery has provided important information regarding theoretical understanding of the mysteries of matter, offering new perspectives on the development of innovative materials.

Last year, the Nobel Prize for Physics has been awarded to researchers Takaaki Kajita Japanese and Canadian Arthur B. McDonald for their significant contributions regarding experiments showed that neutrinos change their identities, metamorphosis implies that they have mass .

Since 1901, the prize for Physics was awarded 109 times and were 201 winners, including the only two women: Marie Curie and Maria Goeppert-Mayer. 47 times the prize was awarded to a single winner. However, John Bardeen received the Nobel Physics twice.

The youngest of the laureates was Noben Lawrence Bragg, who was 25 when he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his father in 1915. The oldest winner is David Raymond Jr., who was 88 years old when he received the prize for physics in 2002.

Nobel season began Monday, when Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi was awarded the prize for medicine in 2016 for discovering the mechanism of autophagy. Errors in these genes can cause a range of diseases, and these findings help explain the causes of diseases like cancer or Parkinson's disease.

2015 Nobel season will continue on Wednesday with chemistry award. Thursday will be announced the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature.

Nobel Peace Prize winner - awarded only by Norway, according to the desire of the founder of the prestigious awards, Alfred Nobel - will be announced Friday. Nobel Prize for economics will be presented Monday, October 12th.

The laureates will receive a gold medal and a prize of 8 million Swedish kronor (about 850,000 euros) which can be split between up to three winners in each category.

Physics laureates receive a medal that represents Nature in the form of a goddess, like Isis, coming out of the clouds and has hands horn of plenty, and the veil which covers the face austere genius is supported by Science.

On the medal is inscribed a quote from Virgil, Aeneid inspired: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes (Inventions enrich life which art adorns a), and below is engraved the name of the laureate. The design belongs to Erik Lindberg.

Nobel laureates will receive their awards during a formal ceremony in Stockholm and Oslo on December 10, the day that commemorates the death of prize founder Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896.

Name nominees and other information about them or about the selection process can not be made public for 50 years.

Nobel Prizes are awarded since 1901, except for the economy, established in 1968 by the Swedish Central Bank to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the founding of this institution. The awards were created after the death of Alfred Nobel weld engineer (1833 - 1896), inventor of dynamite, in his will according to his will.


Physics was the first area of the awards mentioned in the will of Alfred Nobel, the scholar and businessman Swedish ruled that the income of his immense fortune to be offered each year "in the form of prizes to those who, in the previous year, brought the greatest service to humanity ".

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Source: Descopera

Space-time crystals may exist in reality. It is possible that Nobel Laureate in Physics 2012 have been right

If there were, these objects might be held indefinitely movements.

The crystals are structures hypothetical space-time performing movements though are in a state in which the lowest energy. This ability does not match the translational symmetry of time, but the researchers showed that it could prove the existence of natural elements first proposed in 2012 by Nobel Prize winner for physics, Frank Wilczek.

Four years ago, Wilczek and his research team at MIT suggest that it is possible that a crystal should be added a fourth dimension, time movement to make him behave like a clock. In other words, experts forecast creating an object that can conduct perpetual movements and moving each time returning to its state of minimum energy. Experts say so far that movement of an object in this state is impossible, but the Nobel laureate says this does not apply in the case of space-time crystals.

Physicists at the University of California claim that it is possible in theory to manufacture space-time crystals of a system of atoms, ions or superconducting qubits, quantum computers particles used in the construction. Researchers have tried, in fact, to find a way to produce crystal spacetime, but strove to demonstrate that they do not correspond to translational symmetry of time.

Translational symmetry of time is a version of the space-time symmetry, showing that the laws of physics are valid regardless of space or time. Specialists at the University of California claim, however, that the translational symmetry of time can be interrupted without causing side effects.

Using a simulation experts demonstrated how translational symmetry of time can be interrupted spontaneously in a type of quantum system known as ,, Floquet-many-body systems-driven localised. "Researchers have discovered that a crystal it can usually be turned into such a system and showed that it can exist without violating the laws of physics.

Through their study, the researchers showed that the temperature does not rise never studied object, even if it carries out periodic oscillations. Moreover, on the way that the system size grew continuously during reentry object required in the state of translational symmetry fall, which means that in an infinite system, this condition can not be achieved again.

Therefore, the translational symmetry of time can be neglected in the case of a space-time crystal as the temperature of the object that carries perpetual oscillations does not increase again. For this reason, the second law of thermodynamics is respected, and the crystal exists under the laws of physics.

,, Our work is doubly important. First, it demonstrates that translational symmetry of time can be broken spontaneously. On the other hand, it makes us understand better that the systems are not in thermodynamic equilibrium can exist in states that materials of this type can experience, "says Bela Bauer, one of the research team members from University of California.


Source: sciencealert.com