Divine warning or just a coincidence? A potentially dangerous asteroid will pass tomorrow near Earth "the steroid appears to be wearing a face mask"

Asteroid (52768) 1998 OR2 Spalding Today

An asteroid with an estimated size of 2 kilometers will pass near Earth tomorow on April 29, at 9.56 GMT dont worry the risk of collision being excluded.

As a unique detail in the images captured by astronomers, the asteroid appears to be wearing a face mask. 

Asteroid 52768 (1998 OR2), discovered by NASA in 1998 will travel at a distance of about 6.2 million kilometers from Earth, at a speed of about 31,300 kilometers per hour.If it collided with Earth, the asteroid would cause "global effects," NASA officials said after discovering the cosmic object.

Radar image of asteroid 1998 OR2 acquired April 18, 2020, by astronomers at Arecibo Observatory. The radar data confirm that 1998 OR2 is at least 2 km in diameter [a little over a mile wide]. These radar images suggest it is spherical. It rotates once every 4.1 hours. Image via Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico.

In a completely unique way, in the images captured by the specialists from the Arecibo Astronomical Observatory in Puerto Rico, the asteroid seems to be wearing a face protection mask, according to CNN. The asteroid was included by NASA in the "potentially dangerous" category, like any other spacecraft approaching Earth at less than 7,480,000 kilometers.  descopera

The Arecibo Observatory wikipedia

According to information available to specialists to date, the largest asteroid that has passed Earth is 3122 Florence (1981 ET3). The object with a size of about 4-9 kilometers passed our planet on September 1, 2017 and is still expected to "visit" us on September 2, 2057.

3122 Florence is a stony trinary asteroid of the Amor group. It is classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid. It measures approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0–2.5 AU once every 2 years and 4 months (859 days); the orbit has an eccentricity of 0.42 and an inclination of 22° with respect to the ecliptic. Florence was discovered on 2 March 1981 by American astronomer Schelte J. "Bobby" Bus at Siding Spring Observatory.[3] Its provisional designation was 1981 ET3. It was named in honor of Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing the naming citation was published on 6 April 1993 wiki



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A brief history of Witches ( Generally persecuted by the Church following Exodus 22.18, “You shall not allow a asorceress to live.“ )

A witch being tortured. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)

Updated Today: 04/06/2021

Between 1482 and 1782, thousands of people across Europe were accused of witchcraft and subsequently executed. But why were so many innocent people suspected of such a crime, and what would they have experienced?

Witches are everywhere. In fairytales, fantasy and satire, they appear time and again as a versatile synonym for evil and transgression. But, in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, men and women of both high and low status believed in witches ubiquity in a far more disturbing way. Lord chief justice Anderson noted in 1602: “The land is full of witches… they abound in all places” – not as a symbol or figure of fun, but as a deadly threat to life, livelihood and divine order.

Sir Edmund Anderson (Photo: Wikimedia.org)

The large-scale persecution, prosecution and execution of witches in these centuries was an extraordinary phenomenon. It is also an episode of European history that has spawned many myths and much inaccuracy. Dan Brown’s Da Vinci Code is one of the purveyors of such erroneous hype, stating: “The church burned at the stake an astounding 5 million women”, which would be astounding if true. 

The history of witch hunts in America and Europe - The Washington Post

The actual numbers are far lower, but still striking: between 1482 and 1782, around 100,000 people across Europe were accused of witchcraft, and some 40–50,000 were executed.

Photo: brh.org.uk

Neither were witches (with the exception of some targeted by the Spanish Inquisition) generally persecuted by the church. Although belief in witches was orthodox doctrine, following Exodus 22.18, “You shall not allow a asorceress to live.“ the 16th and 17th-century witch trials were the result of witchcraft becoming a crime under law, and witches were prosecuted by the state. In England, witchcraft became a crime in 1542, a statute renewed in 1562 and 1604. As such, most witches across Europe received the usual penalty for murder – hanging (though in Scotland and under the Spanish Inquisition witches were burned).

The history of witch hunts in America and Europe - The Washington Post

(Photo: theodysseyonline.com)

Nor were all witches women – men could be witches too. Across Europe, 70–80 per cent of people accused of witchcraft were female – though the proportions of female witches were higher in certain areas: the bishopric of Basel; the county of Namur (modern Belgium); Hungary; Poland; and Essex, England. But one in five witches were male across Europe, and in some places, males predominated – in Moscow, male witches outnumbered women 7:3; in Normandy 3:1.

(Photo: pinterest.com)

Nevertheless, because women were believed to be morally and spiritually weaker than men, they were thought to be particularly vulnerable to diabolic persuasion. Most of those accused were also poor and elderly; many were widows, and menopausal and post-menopausal women are disproportionally represented among them.

North Berwick witch trials - Wikipedia

Although witchcraft trials happened in every county in the country, the best evidence survives from three major witch crazes in the British Isles – in 1590s Edinburgh; 1612 Lancashire; and 1640s Essex and East Anglia, and we focus on those.

Diabolical Act Of Persuasion Art Print By Jon Macnair (Photo: keyword-suggestions.com

Above all, we have tried to consider the perspective of the victims – that is, those who were accused of witchcraft. We consider the circumstances in which alleged witches were accused, and the power of both neighbourhood accusation and elite sanction (James VI and I’s book on the subject of witchcraft, Daemonologie, published in 1597, is a case in point). 

Daemonologie: A Critical Edition. Expanded. In Modern English with Notes (9781532968914): King James, Warren, Brett R: Books

James (right) depicted beside his mother Mary (left). In reality, they were separated when he was still a baby. (Photo: Wikimedia.org)

It is a sad, sorry and often harrowing tale – but it is one that needs to be heard.

Daemonologie — in full Daemonologie, In Forme of a Dialogue, Divided into three Books: By the High and Mighty Prince, James. Was written and published in 1597 by King James VI of Scotland (later also James I of England) as a philosophical dissertation on contemporary necromancy and the historical relationships between the various methods of divination used from ancient Black magic. 

The title page from James VI and I, Daemonologie (London, 1603). (Photo: english.cam.ac.uk)

It included a study on demonology and the methods demons used to trouble men while touching on topics such as werewolves and vampires. It was a political yet theological statement to educate a misinformed populace on the history, practices and implications of sorcery and the reasons for persecuting a witch in a Christian society under the rule of canonical law. This book is believed to be one of the primary sources used by William Shakespeare in the production of Macbeth. 

Title page Rare Books Keywords: Witchcraft (Photo: Wikimedia.org)

We examine the way that torture – though illegal in England – was employed in late 16th-century Scotland and during the upheaval of the Civil War. We explore the role of the witchfinder, but also the willing collaboration of ordinary people in ridding the land of witches. And we look at what someone accused of witchcraft experienced as their fate.

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Story source:  The above post is reprinted from materials provided by HistoryExtra . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Young galaxies "born" at least 50 stars annually: These "incubators" within young galaxies annually produce more stars than was originally estimated

photo: nasa.gov

Young galaxies in the universe appear to be very fertile and, with an annual average of 50 new stars on the size of the sun.

Updated today 21/05/2020

The recent discovery shows as "incubators" within young galaxies annually produce more stars than was originally estimated. Astronomers have "traveled" back 12.5 billion years to study one of the most remote galaxies known MS1358arc known as infant Galaxies. Light began its journey in the universe just one billion years after the creation of the cosmos, from the Big Bang.

Stars formed at much faster rate in infant galaxies Brahmand News

Bubble Worlds" --Milky Way's Star The Daily Galaxy

The study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning, the formation of the first galaxies, the way galaxies change over time, and the processes that have generated the variety of structures observed in nearby galaxies.

Galaxy SMM J2135-0102 wallpaper - Space wallpapers - #7263 SUWalls

Galaxy formation is hypothesized to occur, from structure formation theories, as a result of tiny quantum fluctuations in the aftermath of the Big Bang. 

The simplest model for this that is in general agreement with observed phenomena is the Λ-Cold Dark Matter cosmology; that is to say that clustering and merging is how galaxies gain in mass, and can also determine their shape and structure.

The dark side of cosmology: Dark matter and dark energy Science

Commonly observed properties of galaxies


Because of the inability to conduct experiments in outer space, the only way to “test” theories and models of galaxy evolution is to compare them with observations. Explanations for how galaxies formed and evolved must be able to predict the observed properties and types of galaxies.

Edwin Hubble created the first galaxy classification scheme known as the Hubble tuning-fork diagram. It partitioned galaxies into ellipticals, normal spirals, barred spirals (such as the Milky Way), and irregulars. These galaxy types exhibit the following properties which can be explained by current galaxy evolution theories:

Hubble tuning fork diagram of galaxy morphology photo: wikipedia.org

Many of the properties of galaxies (including the galaxy color–magnitude diagram) indicate that there are fundamentally two types of galaxies. These groups divide into blue star-forming galaxies that are more like spiral types, and red non-star forming galaxies that are more like elliptical galaxies.

Spiral galaxies are quite thin, dense, and rotate relatively fast, while the stars in elliptical galaxies have randomly-oriented orbits.
The majority of mass in galaxies is made up of dark matter, a substance which is not directly observable, and might not interact through any means except gravity.

The majority of giant galaxies contain a supermassive black hole in their centers, ranging in mass from millions to billions of times the mass of our Sun. The black hole mass is tied to the host galaxy bulge or spheroid mass.

Lenses open precision for 10bn-year-old galaxy - Compute Scotland

Metallicity has a positive correlation with the absolute magnitude (luminosity) of a galaxy.


Hubble thought incorrectly that the tuning fork diagram described an evolutionary sequence for galaxies, from elliptical galaxies through lenticulars to spiral galaxies. However, astronomers now believe that disk galaxies likely formed first, then evolved into elliptical galaxies through galaxy mergers.

So-called "gravitational lenses" were used to enlarge the galaxy using light how "fits" on a nearby star cluster. With this technique, the researchers could observe rapid ascent generated by the formation of new stars. Thus, they could conclude that new stars are created in the galaxy at a speed 100 times higher than the average forecast initially.

With a diameter of 6000 light-years, "collection" of stars will most likely evolve into a new spiral galaxy similar to the Milky Way.

Artist image of a firestorm of star birth deep inside core of young, growing elliptical galaxy. photo: wikipedia.org

Galaxy mergers and the formation of elliptical galaxies 

Elliptical galaxies (such as IC 1101) are among some of the largest known thus far. Their stars are on orbits that are randomly oriented within the galaxy (i.e. they are not rotating like disk galaxies). A distinguishing feature of elliptical galaxies is that the velocity of the stars does not necessarily contribute to flattening of the galaxy, such as in spiral galaxies. Elliptical galaxies have supermassive black holes at their center, and the mass of these black holes correlates with the galaxy’s mass.

NGC 4676 (Mice Galaxies) is an example of a present merger. photo: wikipedia.org

Elliptical galaxies have two main stages of evolution. The first is due to the supermassive black hole increasing in size from accreting cooling gas. The second stage is marked by the black hole stabilizing by suppressing gas cooling, thus leaving the elliptical galaxy in a stable state.The mass of the black hole is also correlated to a property called sigma which is the dispersion of the velocities of stars in the elliptical galaxies. 

This relationship, known as the M-sigma relation, was discovered in 2000. Elliptical galaxies do not have disks around them, although some bulges of disk galaxies look similar to elliptical galaxies. It is more likely to find elliptical galaxies in more crowded regions of the universe (such as galaxy clusters).

Antennae Galaxies are a pair of colliding galaxies - the bright, blue knots are young stars that have recently ignited as a result of the merger. photo: wikipedia.org

Astronomers now see elliptical galaxies as some of the most evolved systems in the universe. It is widely accepted that the main driving force for the evolution of elliptical galaxies is mergers of smaller galaxies. Many galaxies in the universe are gravitationally bound to other galaxies, which means that they will never escape the pull of the other galaxy. 

ESO 325-G004, a typical elliptical galaxy. photo: wikipedia.org

If the galaxies are of similar size, the resultant galaxy will appear similar to neither of the two galaxies merging,but will instead be an elliptical galaxy. There are many types of galaxy mergers, which do not necessarily result in elliptical galaxies, but result in a change in the structure of the mergers. For example, a minor merger event is thought to be occurring between the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds.



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Story source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by The Telegraph and Wikipedia . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.