For hundreds of years, scientists, scholars and philosophers have chased the secret of the elixir of immortality, the transmutation of metals, and the discovery of the alkahest, a universal solvent. Work – and advances – in alchemy were so sought after that those dabbling in it went to great lengths to protect their secrets. Inspired by works like The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz, they often wrote in code, describing their experiments and ideas in secret languages that only they could read. The result is an esoteric practice, the history of which remains mysterious to this day. This article examines several aspects of alchemy and its history, and the works of men and women who chased the most fantastic scientific and mythological ideas of their day. We’ve also thrown in a selection of random tidbits for your alchemical pleasure.
The Real Nicolas Flamel
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| (Image: filip; Nicolas Flamel’s house in Paris) |
The real Nicolas Flamel was born in 1330 and died in Paris in 1410. During his lifetime, he was well-known as a scribe and manuscript-seller, enjoying a comfortable life after marrying the wealthy widow Perenelle. Their fame came from their philanthropy, their dedication to the church and their commissioning of several sculptures. Their home still stands, one of the oldest stone buildings in Paris.
Of the estimated 10 million words Newton left behind in papers and notebooks, around one million of them were written on alchemical research. This includes his code words for various substances: codes like “Green Dragon”, “the Net”, “Diana’s doves”, and, bizarrely, the “menstrual blood of the sordid whore”.
John Damian de Falcuis, Scotland’s Flying Alchemist
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| (Image: Otter; view toward Stirling Castle) |
The Scotsman reports that Damian was less than admired at court, and that he earned the nickname of the “French leech” (despite being Italian) for the vast sums of money that the crown sank into his alchemical studies. He had wooed the king with talk of finding a way to create not just the Philosopher’s Stone, but the Elixir of Life. No one could say that he didn’t aim high, however. In 1507, he did – quite literally – just that.
During his studies, he became obsessed with the idea of finding a way to allow man to fly. By September 1507, his hard work and long hours had led to the completion of a pair of mechanical wings that he believed would let him take to the skies – and desperately maintain the patronage of the king.
The alchemist Damian hurled himself from the top of Stirling Castle, but didn’t so much fly as plummet. He broke his leg in the fall, but he retained the patronage of the king. James not only continued to fund his work, but financed a five-year tour of the continent.
Mary the Jewess
A remarkable number of practical inventions came from Mary’s work and research. She was the first to record the discovery of hydrochloric acid, and she developed ideas for some of the most important chemical apparatuses used today. As she was writing about her experiments with “divine water” (sulfuric acid) and “philosopher’s clay”, she also developed the mechanisms for distillation that we still use in chemistry today. The bain-marie, a double boiler still used in applications like the melting of chocolate and small-scale soap production, is little changed from Mary the Jewess’ invention some 2,000 years ago.
Legend says that Japan was discovered when Qin Shi Huang sent 500 men and 500 women to explore the eastern seas with the Taoist alchemist Xu Fu. They were looking for the elixir of immortality.
Cleopatra the Alchemist
Cleopatra (not to be confused with the famous queen, Cleopatra VII) wrote extensively on the transformation of life and the quantification of alchemical experiments. She also coined the term “chrysopoeia”, referring to one of the most well-known alchemical concepts, the search for the method of turning base metals into gold.
The Alchemical Waters
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| (Image: Thejohnnler; aqua regia seen in a lab) |
Alchemy had its own set of symbols used to indicate some of the most common substances and processes. Some of those processes were linked to the signs of the zodiac; the sign for Separation and Scorpio are the same, for example, along with the sign for Digestion and Leo, and Fermentation and Capricorn.
Alchemical experiments throughout history were incredibly varied, but one common theme that ran through the centuries was the idea of the alchemical waters. Aqua fortis (strong water) was a highly corrosive liquid that could dissolve anything except gold. It was made by combining various percentages of sand, vitriol, alum and saltpeter, then distilling the mixture.
Aqua vitae (the water of life), meanwhile, was originally made from distilling wine, and referred to water with a high concentration of ethanol. Eventually, it became forever linked with the idea of distilling liquors. The king’s water, or aqua regia, was given its name due to its ability to dissolve gold and platinum. A mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, it has also been called “royal water”.
Perhaps the strangest is aqua omnium florum, or all-flower water. The name is rather deceiving, as this alchemical ingredient was made by distilling the water removed from cow dung – specifically, dung that was gathered from the fields in May and produced by cows that ate meadow grass and wildflowers. It was mixed with white wine and snails.
The 17th century alchemist Hennig Brand took a bizarre approach to creating the Philosopher’s Stone. Believing that the key to alchemy could be found in water and in the human body, he collected huge amounts of urine and subjected the samples to various experiments. He didn’t find the mythical stone, but he did discover phosphorus.
Alchemy and Laudanum
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| (Image: Cydone) |
The ingredients of Paracelsus’s laudanum are something of a mystery, as he only gave the recipe to those he initiated into his studies. According to some records, the recipe included opium, henbane, the bezoar stone from a cow’s intestines, musk oil, amber, crushed pearls, coral, mummy, and parts of the heart of a stag and a unicorn.
Later, Thomas Sydenham would claim to have created his own version of the medicine from Paracelsus’s original recipe, and would later be credited with its widespread use across Europe.
Belgian alchemist Jean Baptista van Helmont claimed to have seen the Philosopher’s Stone in action. He said that it was the colour of saffron and had the texture of glass, and that he had seen it turn quicksilver into gold.
Creating the Homunculus
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| (Images: (left, right) via Wikipedia) |
The term “homunculus” was coined by the legendary alchemist and occultist Paracelsus, and the creation of the creature was the subject of numerous 16th century experiments. The basis of the experiment was similar to the creation of the folkloric golem. Numerous alchemists tried it, but we know Paracelsus’s methods.
According to De natura rerum, the process for creating a tiny person was pretty straightforward, if not a bit labour-intensive. Seal some sperm in a horse’s womb until it starts to move on its own, then remove the tiny little man. Feed it human blood for the next 40 weeks, and Paracelsus says that it’ll mature into a little human-like child.
Like-minded individuals loved the idea. It was rumoured that Count Johann von Kefstein had created 10 such beings that could predict the future, and others claimed to have created homunculus that could commune with the spirit world.
Since the writings of Galen, it was believed that the four humors were responsible for creating balance – or imbalance – in the human body. Paracelsus thought differently, writing about three humors: salt (stability), sulphur (combustibility), and mercury (liquidity).
Sir Isaac Newton & the Philosopher’s Stone
At the same time Newton was discovering the secrets of optics and astronomy, he was also searching for the Philosopher’s Stone. In his work “Humores mineralis”, he describes what he sees as mystical properties found in saltpeter, and suggests that this substance is as close to the stone as anyone has come.
The problem Newton faced, however, was over how there could be so many minerals on the surface of the earth, when the water cycle should have been draining them all away into the underground. Minerals never rose to the surface, after all, and that was a problem.
He speculated that there was some sort of reaction going on near the surface of the earth that was replenishing all of these minerals, and that saltpeter was the active ingredient. Along with mercury and sulphur, saltpeter was thought to be one of the crucial elements in the transmutation of minerals and ore – a reaction he studied in the laboratory.
Countless alchemical works were lost in 292 AD, when the Roman Emperor Diocletian ordered all magical and alchemical books to be burned. Only a relative handful of original documents survived.
Other articles on the same theme:
- Paracelsus one of the greatest scientists in history. He established the optimal dose of poison and hoping to create homunculi
- Top 10: Most evil scientists in history
- This woman from USA could be the first person in the world that will not grow old. '' We made history '
- Researchers have created anti-aging guide
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