Showing posts with label zeus. Show all posts
Showing posts with label zeus. Show all posts

Monday, January 16, 2017

The mythical story and history of Zeus and the Giants
























Zeus and his brothers, who, having gained a complete victory over their enemies, began to consider how the world, which they had conquered, should be divided between them. At last it was settled by lot that Zeus should reign supreme in Heaven, whilst Hades governed the Lower World, and Poseidon had full command over the Sea, but the supremacy of Zeus was recognized in all three kingdoms, in heaven, on earth (in which of course the sea was included), and under the earth. Zeus held his court on the top of Mount Olympus, whose summit was beyond the clouds; the dominions of Aides were the gloomy unknown regions below the earth; and Poseidon reigned over the sea.


 It will be seen that the realm of each of these gods was enveloped in mystery. Olympus was shrouded in mists, Hades was wrapt in gloomy darkness, and the sea was, and indeed still is, a source of wonder and deep interest. Hence we see that what to other nations were merely strange phenomena, served this poetical and imaginative people as a foundation upon which to build the wonderful stories of their mythology.


The division of the world being now satisfactorily arranged, it would seem that all things ought to have gone on smoothly, but such was not the case. Trouble arose in an unlooked-for quarter. The Giants, or Gigantes those hideous monsters (some with legs formed of serpents) who had sprung from the earth and the blood of Uranus, declared war against the triumphant deities of Olympus, and a struggle ensued, which, in consequence of Gaia having made these children of hers invincible as long as they kept their feet on the ground, was wearisome and protracted.

A bust of Zeus photo: Wikipedia

Their mother's precaution, however, was rendered unavailing by pieces of rock being hurled upon them, which threw them down, and their feet being no longer placed firmly on their mother-earth, they were overcome, and this tedious war (which was called the Gigantomachia) at last came to an end. Among the most daring of these earth-born giants were Enceladus, Rhoetus, and the valiant Mimas, who, with youthful fire and energy, hurled against heaven great masses of rock and burning oak-trees, and defied the lightnings of Zeus.

The serpent-footed giant Typhoeus, Chalcidian black-figure hydria C6th B.C., Staatliche Antikensammlungen photo: Theoi

One of the most powerful monsters who opposed Zeus in this war was called Typhon or Typhoeus. He was the youngest son of Tartarus and Gaia, and had a hundred heads, with eyes which struck terror to the beholders, and awe-inspiring voices frightful to hear. This dreadful monster resolved to conquer both gods and men, but his plans were at length defeated by Zeus, who, after a violent encounter, succeeded in destroying him with a thunderbolt, but not before he had so terrified the gods that they had fled for refuge to Egypt, where they metamorphosed themselves into different animals and thus escaped.


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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Talesbeyondbelief. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Friday, December 9, 2016

A brief History of sex and sexuality in Ancient Greece

Michelangelo’s ‘Leda and the Swan’. Found in the collection of Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea, Bergamo. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)


Updated today 21/05/2020

The sexual habits of people in Ancient Greece – from prostitution to pillow talk – are explored in a new book written by Paul Chrystal. Exploring the many layers of sex and sexuality in various Greek societies – from the Minoan civilisation through to Sparta and Hellenistic Greece – In Bed with the Ancient Greeks examines homosexuality, pederasty, mythological sex and sex in Greek philosophy and religion.

In the beginning was sex. To the ancient Greek mythologisers, sexuality, love and sex were inextricably connected with the creation of the earth, the heavens and the underworld. Greek myth was a theogony of incest, murder, polygamy and intermarriage in which eroticism and fertility were elemental; they were there right from the start, demonstrating woman’s essential reproductive role in securing the cosmos, extending the human race and ensuring the fecundity of nature.


CLSX 374: Gender & Sexuality, Ancient & Modern University of Kansas.

Simultaneously, Zeus, the top god, wasted no time in asserting his dominance over the other gods (both male and female). His cavalier attitude towards female sexuality, as manifested in serial rape and seduction (Zeus raped Leda, daughter of the Aetolian king Thestius, in the guise of a swan; raped Danae, a princess of Argos, disguised as the rain, and raped Ganymede, a male mortal) set a precedent for centuries of mortal male domination and female subservience. 


Leda and the Swan — Amanta Scott
A BERLIN (K.P.M.) PORCELAIN RECTANGULAR PLAQUE, LEDA AND THE SWAN Christie's

The depiction of Hera ( wife of Zeus and queen of the ancient Greek gods) as a distracting, duplicitous and deceptive woman opened the door for centuries of male insecurity about women, and misogyny.



Our earliest evidence for ancient Greek sexuality comes with the Minoans (approximately 3650 to 1400 BC). Women at this time were only partly dressed – the main items of clothing were short-sleeved robes that had layered, flounced skirts; these were open to the navel, leaving the breasts exposed. Women also wore a strapless fitted bodice, the first fitted garments known in history.
The realm of Minos Minoan art, Minoan, Ancient - Pinteres
Minoan civilization, 2nd millennium BC. Reconstruction of the fresco of the procession, found in the Palace of Knossos. Detail of young men carrying offerings to a goddess. (Photo by DEA/G DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images)

Women were typically depicted as having a tiny waist, full breasts, long hair and full hips: to our eyes and ears this is sexually charged and provocative, but to a Minoan probably not so. On the contrary, the voluptuous figure may have been a means by which women, and their artists, expressed their gender and status rather than male artists simply idealising female sexuality for their own delectation, satisfying a prurient male voyeurism. Women in Minoan Crete, it seems, were able to celebrate their femininity.

Fresco showing Minoan three women. photo: wikipedia.org

The body shape described above re-emerged during the mid-late 1800s, when women laced themselves into tight corsets to make their waists small and wore hoops under their skirts to exaggerate the proportions of their lower body.




Pederasty in Greece probably originated with the Cretans. Cretan pederasty was an early form of paedophilia that involved the ritual kidnapping ( harpagmos ) of a boy from an elite background by an aristocratic adult male, with the consent of the boy's father. This adult male was known as philetor, befriender; the boy was kleinos, glorious.
Pederastic couples at a symposium, as depicted on a tomb fresco from the Greek colony of Paestum in Italy. The man on the right tries to kiss the youth with whom he is sharing a couch. - Wikipedia
Cretan pederasty. photo: wikipedia.org

The man took the boy out into the wilderness, where they spent two months hunting and feasting with friends learning life skills, respect and responsibility. It is generally assumed that the philetor would begin having sex with the boy soon after taking him out into the wilds.

If the boy was pleased with how this went he changed his status from kleinos to parastates, or comrade, signifying that he had metaphorically fought in battle alongside his philetor; he then went back to society and lived with him.

Man and youth. Cretan ex-voto from Hermes and Aphrodite shrine at Kato Syme; Bronze, c. 670–650 BCE. photo: wikipedia.org

The philetor would shower the boy with expensive gifts, including an army uniform, an ox to be sacrificed to Zeus, and a drinking goblet – a symbol of spiritual accomplishment. At the same time, according to the geographer Strabo, the boy then had to choose between continuing with or putting an end to the relationship with his abductor, and whether to denounce the man if he had misbehaved in any way.


Satyrs and satyriasis

Satyrs, depicted in Greek mythology as beast-like men with a horse’s tail, donkey’s ears, upturned pug nose, receding hairline and erect penis, have a reputation for being inveterate masturbators with a penchant for rape, sodomy and necrophilia. A satyr was a true party animal with an insatiable passion for dancing, women and wine.

 Satyrs were experts on the aulos, a phallic-shaped double reed instrument; some vase paintings show satyrs ejaculating while playing, and one even shows a bee deftly avoiding the discharge in mid-flight. Another vase illustrates a hirsute satyr masturbating while shoving a dildo of sorts into his anus.


Statue of Silenus, a satyr and minor god of drunkenness, dated from 540-530 BC. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece. (Photo by Prisma/UIG/Getty Images)


Apart from inspiring some wonderful depictions on ceramics, satyrs have left us the word satyriasis, which means hypersexuality – classified today in the World Health Organisation’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) as satyriasis in men and as nymphomania in women (in 1951 it was still listed as a “sexual deviation”). 

Soranus of Ephesus - Wikipedia
Figure 1 from The effect of Soranus of Ephesus (98-138) Semantic Scholar

The word satyriasis appears frequently in the works of medical authors of the Roman empire who describe a condition no doubt prevalent for centuries previously. For example, Soranus contends that the “itching” felt in the genitals that makes women “touch themselves” increases their sexual urge and causes “mental derangement” and an immodest desire for a man. Greek physician Galen called it “uterine fury”, furor uterinus.



Achilles and Briseis

Epic [the Iliad] gives us one of our earliest surviving expressions of heterosexual love; it comes from a rather surprising source – from battle-hardened, Homeric war hero, alpha male Achilles.


Achilles and the Nereid Cymothoe: Attic red-figure kantharos from Volci (Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque nationale, Paris) photo: wikipedia.org

Achilles uncharacteristically wears his heart on his sleeve when he reveals how much he loves Briseis in Book 9 of the Iliad, referring to her as if she were his wife. The beautiful and intelligent Briseis first encountered Achilles when he ruthlessly slaughtered her father, mother, three brothers and husband during a Greek assault on Troy, before taking her as war booty. Achilles wiped out Briseis’ family so that she was utterly bereft and had only him to focus on.


Who Was Briseis in The Iliad? ThoughtCo


Briseis and Phoenix, red-figure kylix, ca. 490 BC, Louvre photo: wikipedia.org


To Achilles it was simply the right and decent thing to do to love your woman – an attitude, of course, that may have been at odds with some of the male audience members of Homer’s epic over the years. 


Effeminacy and cross-dressing

Effeminacy in men was considered beyond the pale – para phusin or “outside nature”. It implied passivity and receptiveness, epithumein paschein – both weaknesses contrary to the proper sexual conduct of the Greek male who ought to be virile, dominant, penetrating and thrusting.


Hercules and Omphale. Hercules was sold as a slave to Omphale, queen of Lydia, to atone for the murder of Iphitos. Hercules was forced to wear Omphale's clothes and jewellery. (Photo by Imagno/Getty Images)


Cross-dressing had some surprising advocates. The heroic alpha-male Hercules, according to the Roman poet Ovid, indulged in a bout of cross-dressing with Omphale [queen of Lydia to whom Hercules was enslaved] Hercules put on Omphale’s clothes and Omphale dressed up in typically Herculean lion skin and wealded his club, which was symbolic of manhood and power. Surprisingly, perhaps, “lion-hearted” Achilles too was not averse to a spot of dressing up in women’s clothes, if it saved him from the call-up for the Trojan war.

Pseudo-Apollodorus, in the Bibliotheca [a compendium of Greek myths and heroic legends], tells us that to help her son dodge the draft Thetis [Achilles’ mother] concealed him at the court of Lycomedes, king of Skyros. Disguised as a girl Achilles lived among Lycomedes' daughters under the pseudonym Pyrrha, the red-haired girl. Achilles raped one of the daughters, Deidamia, and with her fathered a son, Neoptolemus.

Odysseus was told by the prophet Calchas that the Greeks would not capture Troy without Achilles' support, so he went to Skyros masquerading as a peddler selling women's clothes and jewellery with a shield and spear secreted in his wares. Achilles instantly took up the spear; Odysseus saw through his disguise as Pyrrha and persuaded him to join the Greek forces.


Another famous alpha male, Julius Caesar, was also involved in cross-dressing: apparently, aged 20, he lived the life of a girl in the court of King Nicomedes IV and was later referred to behind his back as the 'queen of Bithynia', and “every woman's man and every man's woman”. Suetonius described his long-fringed sleeves and loose belt as a bit odd, prompting statesman and dictator Sulla to warn everyone to “beware of the boy with the loose belt”.


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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by HistoryExtra . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Friday, September 30, 2016

Pankration or fear the Greeks when they are angry ! ( Ancient Kung Fu Martial Arts )

Pankaration, Greece, Hellas, ancient, wrestling, boxing, martial arts, fighters, Hercules, Mythology, Olympic Games, legends, heroes, self defense, panmachia, combat, Alexander

Updated 11/05/2020

THE OLYMPICS IN ANCIENT GREECE



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The influence of Greek culture on the entire human civilization is huge and hardly needs any introduction. Mathematics, physics, philosophy, biology, history, navigation, medicine, drama, are just some of the areas not imaginable in its current form without the contribution of the creative genius of the ancient Greeks. 

Comes to us from the same mythical Hellas, however, one of the most powerful forms of struggle created by man. Experts say that would be the most effective fighting style ever created by man ... Welcome arena! This is Pankration ...



Edition Olympic Games held in the year 648 BCE arena currents would bring martial style so tough and powerful, that throughout history, martial were fewer current could compare with him. Pankration was born in ancient Hellas , between olive groves and sunny shores of the Mediterranean. This form of struggle was developed in close connection with nature to serve the Greeks as the most effective way of fighting and self defense. 



According to Greek mythology, Pankration was invented by two of the greatest heroes of Greek ethos heroes, Herakles and Theseus. They were followers of what is called Panmachia - Total Fight, Fight complement the direct translation of ancient Greek. Supporters of this view horses wore symbols Herculean, ghioga and leather cloak lion to reproduce on their own people Fighter image of Olympus legends. About Theseus is said to have used techniques for proper Pankration fight to kill the master labyrinth, dreaded Minotaur, the beast with the body of man and head of a bull.


Herackes photo  pantherfile.uwm.edu




Theseus photo : maicar.com

All legends remember two heroes were impressed dramas passing Hellas residents who are at that time under attack by various invaders. Consequently, they decided to teach their techniques battle mortals. Because it holds "all powers" as it translates its meaning Pankration

Legend or not, it seems that there was some truth. At over 2,000 years in the future, specifically in the early 1990s, the international community would receive martial arts practitioners suddenly a real cold shower. On the eve of the third millennium, some revolutionaries fighting trends lay the foundations of what is called MMA, that Mixed Martial Arts - Martial arts combined




This concept, modern at first glance, came with the idea of ​​organizing fights to be allowed in designing opponent with ground fighting. Such are born UFC, Pride, Cross training, Shoot, Submission, Ground and pound, Slam! 

Only served to reinvent the wheel ... Pankration already solved these dilemmas, and even had to go further in experimentation these concepts "we". Since last 2500 Year!

Exquisite fighting technique of the ancient Greeks

Photo : en.wikipedia.org
























Pankration was a universe in itself. More than an Olympic discipline, this style of fighting was on how old so advanced in terms of technique and methodology of fighting. It was a complete and complex style while in Pankration there is even some special training the fighters did concentration exercises and meditation. 

Internal energy was then trained and developed through breathing exercises similar to those of Qi Gong in the Chinese martial arts, ancient Greeks called Pneuma



Qi Gong Photo: en.wikipedia.org


























There were sets of movements including preset, so-called Pyrrhics, Taolu sites similar to the styles of Kung Fu and Karate Kata. Although at first glance seemed a combination of Greek pugilat and melee combat, Pankration was different in terms of conception and fighting techniques used. Even if a modern sports familiar with MMA, Pankration would seem a combination between ancient Muay Thai and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, the ancient fighting style characteristic of the Greeks have a plus in front of any martial arts today.

History of Sparta  photo : en.wikipedia.org





































Greeks and Spartans military training included basic elements of Pankration, because it can handle Greek soldiers during battle if they were put in the situation of running out of weapons.  

Read:  How hard it was to become a Spartan soldier. Five of the most demanding practices they faced new recruits

For driving the punch, elbow, knee and foot, practitioners used leather bags filled with sand. Herbs were used in treating post microleziunilor workouts.



























The fighters were using any technique that led to the abandonment or more speedy removal of fight the opponent. There is only one position battle similar position intermediate form between a boxer and a modern judoka. Hands held up, fists at the temples to prevent possible head injury. The techniques were divided into four categories covering all aspects of fights without rules. 


    The World Judo Tour returns in Budapest - Eurosport

Thus, Pygmis arms encapsulate all shots, including all kicks Laktisma, Rassein apaly handle sweeping techniques and designs, and ground fighting Apopnigmos deal with bottlenecks and limb sprain. 

Huge variety of fighting techniques in the arsenal of a pankratiast (Pankration fighter), were chosen usually most effective combinations that were repeated endlessly. Between arms techniques are preferred direct blows punch, circular were usually ignored by a number of direct hits fighters arrived in clinics preferred elbow strikes or projections detriment clasps . Special attention is given to kicks. Favorite was - Laktisma gasteran is a very strong direct hit, made with the stomach or liver heel opponent. Once on the ground, fighter apply numerous keys arms and legs to dislocate limbs opponent. Commonly used techniques were repeatedly bottleneck that led to fainting or even death opponent.

Death or glory arena

During the Olympics, they met practitioners from all over Greece to face in the spirit of Tau Mu Tau, the Truth Martial, whom she remained faithful fighters entire life. 




























Accompanied by Daskalos, titled teachers and masters in Pankration, young fighters were headed to the race venues at the foot of Mount OlympusSpot sacred urn was brought a silver in small plates that were made, half emblazoned with the letter alpha, the other beta. Thus, held the draw. 

Every athlete could face the ballot box, he prayed to Zeus and extract a plate. After that all practitioners would gather in a circle and shouted three times, all power, name of the hero Heracles. Any race of Pankration was given in honor of the patron of this art, the great Hercules, as the Romans called him
  Zeus 
                        
Ceremonies are already met, they were to begin the most terrible evidence around the Olympics. Matches were extremely harsh and dangerous at the same time. There is no limit to stop the destruction or abandonment opponent. And dropping out was avoided completely by these warriors, who preferred to die or live crippled for life than to admit defeat. There were no age or weight categories, there were no rounds or time limits, the competition was open to anyone. The fighting was guarded by referees who were armed with bundles of twigs, used when opponents bite into them or drew their eyes, the only acts prohibited by Daskalos. Instead they were allowed any punches and leg opposite insert fingers in the ears, nose or mouth opponent ... 

In these circumstances, the fight continues until one of the opponents faint, die or raise an arm in recognition of defeat. Memories Greeks notes that it was hard to find a champion Pankration with all the teeth in the mouth, to hear well or have their hands and feet full. Along with the series of blows applied to the arms and legs of an opponent fell to the ground, jamming the main techniques were responsible for most deaths occurring in the arena. 

As an additional note, worth mentioning that both warriors were forced to fight completely naked and smeared all over his body with olive oil to make it as difficult ground fighting or limb luxation.
















The facts and record the most renowned fighters have reached legendary among athletes of ancient Greece. Ancient documents speak of superhuman exploits of fighters like Dioxippus, Polydamas of Skotoussa or Arrhichion of Phigalia.

 The most famous of these was undoubtedly Dioxippus. Winner in several Olympics, became a close friend of Alexander, who said impressed by the strength and hardness of Pankration fighter. In his most famous fight Dioxippus defeated him without appeal on Coragus best fighter of Alexander. Coragus fought armed with spear, sword and shield, Dioxippus was simply a cloth covering her body and was armed with a baton. 




The fight lasted less, Dioxippus I threw in front of Coragus stick or distract them, after which it was designed from the ground where he started it straguleze until Coragus failed. After defeating the best fighter of his, Alexander was filled with envy and decided to humiliate Dioxippus, putting them in his luggage a golden cup and then accusing him of theft. With rage and helplessness, Dioxippus Greek Macedonians give them one last lesson.

 Proudly choose to commit suicide in front of the Macedonian royal court. In another unusual episode, a fighter Pancration, called Arrhichion Phigalia won the dispute after he died! During the fight, his opponent manages to inflict a strangulation technique, Arrhichion desperate at the thought of losing you, makes several fingers break its opponent, it gives up and raises his hand signaling it is defeated. When the referee and his friends came to congratulate him for the win, Arrhichion was already dead due to strangulation. Despite this, he was declared the winner and received the crown of olive leaves.

Pankration vs. Pancrace

Theodosius I photo: skepticism.org

Ancient ended Pankration in 393 C.E. it is prohibited by law from an edict of Theodosius I. Although Byzantine emperor as opposed to boxing and wrestling and was considered extinct, historical evidence exists confirming that around 1900, kleftii, Greek freedom fighters, used such fighting techniques during scuffles with Turkish soldiers. 

Such klephts brothers were in the cities of Constantinople and Smyrna within which was kept, apparently, terrible fighters style of ancient Hellas. True revival of Pankration is due to the work and efforts undertaken by Demetrios "Jim" Arvanitis, a Greek who during the 60s made known to the world Pankration. Known as the father of modern Pankration, Kirios Arvanitis is a specialist in wrestling and Muay Thai, which was in art so passionate about his ancestors, that he dedicated his life to research and the rediscovery of forgotten all the techniques of Pankration.

Arvanitis Pankration reintroduced when the world was drawn to Oriental martial arts gender Karate, Aikido, Kung Fu. Conquered by their exoticism, the international community of martial arts enthusiasts Pankration not given deserved attention, until about the 90s, with the advent of current MMA when the old Greek style attracts more and more practitioners.

In the same period, the lands of Japan, Masakatsu Funaki and Minoru Suzuki, founded in 1993 Hibryd Pancrase Wrestling, an organization that wanted initially offered a tribute Pankration. Pancrase, as they called Japanese is but a modern conception of the fight, MMA tributary stream more than clenching terrible and wild once the Olympics rings. Pancrase promotes a kind of competition in which fighters use techniques of Muay Thai Jiu Jitsu combined with under a strict regulation that is designed to protect combatants. Among the fighters and famous practitioners of pancreata include some of the greatest legends of MMA, as Ruthenia Bass, Josh Barnett, Yuki Kondo, Semmy Schilt, Ken Shamrok, Ikuisa Minowa and Guy Metzger.

The threshold Olympics in 2004, the Greeks manage to reintroduce a form of Pankration sports, all of which were eliminated dangerous techniques. Subsequently, the International Olympic Forum deny official recognition of Pankration, citing lack of interest of athletes for discipline so tough. As the pinnacle of the bureaucracy and indolence, athletes participating in the 2004 edition asks for their medals back ...

Some of Daskalos, as Aris Makris Dimitrios Arvanitis and turned their attention to their championships organizing training with special forces intervention. Pankration is reborn from the ashes!

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Tuesday, August 23, 2016

Shocking discovery on the Mountain of Zeus. Could confirm the darkest legend of antiquity







Updated: 23/04/2020 

The northern peak is higher, 1,421 m, than the southern, 1,382 m (4,662 and 4,534 ft). Mount Lykaion was sacred to Zeus Lykaios, who was said to have been born and brought up on it, and was the home of Pelasgus and his son Lycaon, who were said to have founded the ritual of Zeus practiced on its summit. This seems to have involved a human sacrifice and a feast in which the man who received the portion of a human victim was changed to a wolf, as Lycaon had been after sacrificing a child. The altar of Zeus consists of a great mound of ashes with a retaining wall. It was said that no shadows fell within the precincts and that any who entered it died within the year. The sanctuary of Zeus played host to athletic games held every four years, the Lykaia.

Archaeologists made a breakthrough grim on top of a mountain in Greece, it could confirm the darkest legends of antiquity.

Excavations this year on Mount Lykaion (known as the birthplace of Zeus) have unearthed a 3,000-year old skeleton of a teenager who was in the ashes of other animals slaughtered over a thousand years.
Greece's culture ministry said the skeleton is of a boy, a teenager, he was found 30 meters deep. Experts have said it is too early to speculate on the cause of adolescent death, but the discovery is important because Mount Lykaion was associated for centuries with the Greek culture negative.

The writers of antiquity, including Plato described the place as a shrine to make sacrifices in the name of Zeus, a practice that was rarely confirmed by archaeologists.


According to legend, a boy was sacrificed with other animals, their meat is cooked and then consumed. Anyone eating a piece of human flesh became a werewolf for nine years. ,, In some literary writings mentioned rumors of human sacrifices that took place at the altar, but until a few weeks ago was not any human skeleton discovered in the archaeological site, '' said archaeologist David Gilman Romano, a professor at the University of Arizona.



,, Even if the remains are traces of a human sacrifice or not, it is a sacrificial altar is not a place to bury someone, not the cemetery, '' he added. An unusual detail was missing the upper part of the skull, while the body was placed between two lines of stone with a row of stones that covered his pelvis.


Mount, in the Peloponnese region is the only area where Zeus was worshiped, even if the possibility of human sacrifice is removed, the area was practiced massive slavery. From the early sixteenth century BC by Alexander the Great, hundreds of millions of animals were killed in honor of the god.


Researchers have found that people have started to the present in the area 5,000 years ago, but no evidence of seniority cult.


Zeus was the god of sky and weather which later became the leader of the Greek pantheon. Ceramics found near the skeleton dating from the eleventh century BC.

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Source: Mail Online