Researchers have unraveled another mystery of the planet Ceres

Researchers in the United States have been causing disappearance of craters on Ceres, a dwarf planet in the asteroid belt in our solar system.

The new findings suggest that the disappearance of craters could be produced over a hundred million years due to the frozen surface of the planet and geothermal activity. ,, We concluded that a significant number of craters on Ceres was obliterated beyond the recognized geological measurements over time, due to which the resulting film composition and evolution in the earth, '' said Simone Marchi, from Southwasr Research Institute of Colorado.

Before you find out possible reasons for the huge craters missing from Ceres, the team used a computer simulation to see how many formations should be.

They concluded that the planet formation should be at least 10-15 big craters with a diameter of at least 400 km. Thanks to NASA mission, researchers have found that there are only 16 craters on Ceres, but none has a diameter greater than 100 km.

The only similar formations are planitiae ,, '' (extended depressions) which were probably created following severe impacts with other objects. The team tried to discover how he managed to ,, violate Ceres' computer simulated data. They have developed several theories, though none is yet concrete.

One hypothesis is that Ceres formed long before the solar system to arise during the impacts with other objects were more rare. Over time, the dwarf planet's orbit placed it in the asteroid belt.

Another theory is reflected by geothermal activity, complemented by the frosted surface of the planet.

Lack is not the only huge craters geological mystery that researchers have recently solved

Earlier this month, researchers at NASA have discovered evidence suggesting that small bright spots discovered in the crater of Ceres come from an impact which scraped some of the planet's surface and left behind traces of sodium carbonate.



Source: sciencealert

Dark Energy vs. Dark Matter: What The Universe is Made Of

Dark Energy vs. Dark Matter

While dark energy repels, dark matter attracts. And dark matter’s influence shows up even in individual galaxies, while dark energy acts only on the scale of the entire universe

Our universe may contain 100 billion galaxies, each with billions of stars, great clouds of gas and dust, and perhaps scads of planets and moons and other little bits of cosmic flotsam. The stars produce an abundance of energy, from radio waves to X-rays, which streak across the universe at the speed of light.

Yet everything that we can see is like the tip of the cosmic iceberg — it accounts for only about four percent of the total mass and energy in the universe.

About one-quarter of the universe consists of dark matter, which releases no detectable energy, but which exerts a gravitational pull on all the visible matter in the universe.

Because of the names, it’s easy to confuse dark matter and dark energy. And while they may be related, their effects are quite different. In brief, dark matter attracts, dark energy repels. While dark matter pulls matter inward, dark energy pushes it outward. Also, while dark energy shows itself only on the largest cosmic scale, dark matter exerts its influence on individual galaxies as well as the universe at large.

In fact, astronomers discovered dark matter while studying the outer regions of our galaxy, the Milky Way.


A ring of possible dark matter highlights this Hubble Space Telescope image of a distant galaxy cluster. [NASA/ESA/M.J. Jee/H. Ford (Johns Hopkins)]

The Milky Way is shaped like a disk that is about 100,000 light-years across. The stars in this disk all orbit the center of the galaxy. The laws of gravity say that the stars that are closest to the center of the galaxy — which is also its center of mass — should move faster than those out on the galaxy’s edge.

Yet when astronomers measured stars all across the galaxy, they found that they all orbit the center of the galaxy at about the same speed. This suggests that something outside the galaxy’s disk is tugging at the stars: dark matter.

Calculations show that a vast "halo" of dark matter surrounds the Milky Way. The halo may be 10 times as massive as the bright disk, so it exerts a strong gravitational pull.

The same effect is seen in many other galaxies. And clusters of galaxies show exactly the same thing — their gravity is far stronger than the combined pull of all their visible stars and gas clouds.

Scientists shed light on mystery of dark matter HeritageDaily

Are dark matter and dark energy related? No one knows. The leading theory says that dark matter consists of a type of subatomic particle that has not yet been detected, although upcoming experiments with the world’s most powerful particle accelerator may reveal its presence. Dark energy may have its own particle, although there is little evidence of one.

Instead, dark matter and dark energy appear to be competing forces in our universe. The only things they seem to have in common is that both were forged in the Big Bang, and both remain mysterious.

Other articles on the same theme:

• New Theory Of Gravity Tries To Explain Dark Matter

• What form does the atomic nucleus? New discovery may explain the mysteries of the Universe.

• A new theory on the Creation of the Universe, disprove the Big Bang

• Vera Rubin, the American astronomer who confirmed the existence of dark matter, died at the age of 88 years.

Source: hetdex

One step closer in understanding and detecting Dark Matter

Updated 04/05/2020

The view from inside the Large Underground Xenon (LUX)  dark matter detector, which is nearly a mile underground below the Black Hills of South Dakota. The upgraded detector just finished its 20-month run without finding dark matter activity.

Credit: Matthew Kapust. Copyright © South Dakota Science and Technology Authority

The incredibly sensitive LUX dark-matter detector, buried under a mile of rock, has come up empty on its 20-month search for dark matter — further narrowing down the possible characteristics of the strange substance.

Researchers presented the results today (July 21) at the 11th Identification of Dark Matter Conference (IDM2016) in Sheffield, U.K., which gathers together researchers seeking to understand dark matter, the mysterious material that appears to make up more than four-fifths of the universe's mass, but which scientists have not observed directly.

"LUX has delivered the world's best search sensitivity since its first run in 2013," Rick Gaitskell, a physicist at Brown University and co-spokesman for LUX, said in a statement. "With this final result from the 2014 to 2016 search, the scientists of the LUX Collaboration have pushed the sensitivity of the instrument to a final performance level that is four times better than the original project goals." [The Search for Dark Matter in Images]

The Davis Cavern in the Sanford Underground Research Facility, which used to be a gold mine, was enlarged and outfitted for the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. It formerly housed Ray Davis' Nobel Prize-winning solar neutrino experiment.
Credit: Matthew Kapust, Sanford Underground Research Facility, © South Dakota Science and Technology Authority

LUX is short for the Large Underground Xenon dark-matter experiment. It rests a mile deep (1.6 km) underground in a former South Dakota gold mine that is now called the Sanford Underground Research Facility. 

Suspended in a 72,000 gallon (272,500 liter) tank of purified water, a 6-foot-tall (1.8 meter) titanium tank holds one-third of a ton (302 kg) of frigid liquid xenon. The xenon's job is to light up, with a jolt of electrical charge and a faint flash of light caught by surrounding sensors, when a dark-matter particle collides with one of its atoms — and the gallons of water and mile of rock's job is to stop anything else from getting in and disturbing it.

This latest result reveals that nothing with the right properties to excite the xenon made it through.

"It would have been marvelous if the improved sensitivity had also delivered a clear dark-matter signal," Gaitskell said. "However, what we have observed is consistent with background alone."

The quest for WIMPs

Even though scientists have never detected dark matter directly, they know it plays an important part in our universe: The way galaxies rotate and the way light bends as it passes by them reveals a substantial amount of extra matter adding to the systems' gravity.

LUX was designed to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) — a leading candidate for dark matter. Those particles are 10 to 100 times the mass of a proton, but interact only very weakly with ordinary matter (which is why scientists cannot easily detect them). Most particles, such as the cosmic rays that constantly stream down onto Earth, would be stopped by the rock and water shielding around the detector, but WIMPs would be able to make it through — sometimes, if researchers are lucky, knocking into one of the densely packed xenon atoms in the detector and releasing a light signal along the way (liquid xenon is transparent to those photons). Other particles that make it in will likely hit multiple xenon atoms and set off a cascade of light, whereas WIMPs would be lucky to hit one.

Researchers examined a huge amount of data collected from the carefully calibrated device over the course of the 20-month experiment, which followed on the heels of a less-sensitive, three-month LUX search that ended in 2013, also with a negative result. Researchers were able to filter out signals in the data created by non-dark-matter particles that managed to get inside the experiment. This gave the researchers the capability to look for interacting dark matter, which would be expected to produce only a few signals per century per kilogram of xenon, researchers said in the statement. [No WIMPS in Space? - NASA Scans For Dark Matter

LUX's lack of detection doesn't mean that dark matter is not made of WIMPs, but it does suggest that dark matter WIMPs cannot have a mass or effect on ordinary matter within a certain range.

"Though a positive signal would have been welcome, nature was not so kind!" Cham Ghag, a physicist at University College London and collaborator on LUX, said in another statement. "Nonetheless, a null result is significant as it changes the landscape of the field by constraining models for what dark matter could be beyond anything that existed previously."

Onward

LUX is one of several efforts to detect dark matter, and its results will help narrow down the searches conducted by future direct-detection experiments, too. Other experiments, like COUPP-60, the XENON Dark Matter Project in Italy, and the Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (SUPERCDMS) have used similar techniques that heavily shield a material and wait for naturally-occurring dark matter to pass through.

An experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, on the other hand, has a chance of creating dark matter, and then detecting its signal.

"We viewed this as a David and Goliath race between ourselves and the much larger Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva," Gaitskell said. "LUX was racing over the last three years to get first evidence of a dark-matter signal. We will now have to wait and see if the new run this year at the LHC will show evidence of dark-matter particles, or if the discovery occurs in the next generation of larger direct detectors."

LUX's own next-generation detector, LUX-Zeplin, will have 70 times the sensitivity of LUX, researchers said in the statement — which will take LUX's place underground to continue the search.

Other articles on the same theme:

• New Theory Of Gravity Tries To Explain Dark Matter

• What form does the atomic nucleus? New discovery may explain the mysteries of the Universe.

• A new theory on the Creation of the Universe, disprove the Big Bang

• Vera Rubin, the American astronomer who confirmed the existence of dark matter, died at the age of 88 years.

• Dark Energy vs. Dark Matter: What The Universe is Made Of

The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Space.com . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

A new theory on the Creation of the Universe, effects of quantum mechanics disprove the Big Bang

An international team of researchers has backed up the growing hypothesis that the Big Bang was actually a 'Big Bounce', meaning that the Universe didn’t pop into existence. Instead, it simply started expanding again after contracting fully.

If correct, the team’s findings might explain how the Universe transitioned from contraction to expansion, a debate that has been raging over the Big Bounce hypothesis since it was first introduced nearly 100 years ago.

Before we get into the new findings, let's take a quick overview of what the Big Bounce is. Put simply, it’s a hypothesis that was created to explain how the Universe formed.

Unlike the Big Bang model, though, which states that our Universe was born out of nothing but a gigantic explosion from an infinitely dense point, the Big Bounce proposes that the Universe is constantly expanding and contracting.

This means that the Universe operates sort of like a balloon, where it expands from a single point, grows and grows until it reaches some maximum distance, and then contracts back to the original point, starting the whole process over again.

Until now, one of the biggest road blocks to this hypothetical model was how the Universe would transition from contraction to expansion when it is fully ‘deflated’. The new study hopes to solve that using the properties of quantum mechanics.

According to the team – consisting of physicists from the UK and Canada – when the Universe is at its smallest point, it is ruled by quantum mechanics instead of the normal physics of the everyday world around us.

At this extremely small scale, the Universe would be saved from destruction because the effects of quantum mechanics would, in essence, keep everything together

"Quantum mechanics saves us when things break down," explains team member Steffen Gielen, from Imperial College London.

"It saves electrons from falling in and destroying atoms, so maybe it could also save the early Universe from such violent beginnings and endings as the Big Bang and Big Crunch." (Spoiler: The Big Curnch is how scientists predict our Universe might end, and it ain't pretty.

Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications, 2nd Edition

To come to that conclusion, the team built a computer model that simulates how the Universe might have evolved over time.

When all was said and done, they found that using quantum mechanics, the Universe could have expanded from a single point even with the minimal amount of ingredients – radiation and a little matter – that were present at the time.

"The big surprise in our work is that we could describe the earliest moments of the hot Big Bang quantum mechanically, under very reasonable and minimal assumptions about the matter present in the Universe," said team member Neil Turk, from the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Canada. "Under these assumptions, the Big Bang was a 'bounce', in which contraction reversed to expansion."

While the current model explains how the Universe might have transitioned between expansion and contraction, the team is now looking to see if it can eventually produce the objects inside the Universe, such as galaxies and other celestial structures.

This isn’t the first time a team of scientists have claimed that the Big Bang as we know it might have never happened.

Back in February, a team of researchers from Egypt created a model that stated that the Universe has no beginning or end. Instead, using quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of general relativity, they suggested that the Universe has simply been going forever.

Hopefully, as computer models continue to get more powerful with each passing day, we will eventually have a better, more complete understanding of how our Universe formed - and one day might all disappear.


Other articles on the same theme:

• What form does the atomic nucleus? New discovery may explain the mysteries of the Universe.

• The First Stars in the Universe could provide clues about Dark Matter

• Astronomers issued a shocking theory about the universe: 'The Universe is Flat!'

• It was created the most complex map of the Milky Way . It shows that our galaxy is much more extensive than previously thought

The new study was published in the journal Physical Review Letters.

Researchers at the LHC are ready to reveal the secrets of the universe. '' We could write a new chapter in the history of creation '

Researchers at the European physics center of the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) are preparing to reveal the largest collection of information about the particle accelerator (LHC), three years after they confirmed the existence of the Higgs boson.

Higgs boson discovery has provided researchers win Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013. Disclosure answered the question about how matter acquires mass elementary, but did not solve the puzzle elements missing from the standard model of physics.

The standard model includes a number of equations that summarize everything known, currently, about nature, but some questions remained unanswered. One of the questions concern the gravity that seems not within the standard model. Another conundrum is that there is a much greater amounts of matter in the universe than the 4% we use. Propelled billion protons inside the circle, circumference of 27km, are facing each other at a speed of 13 electronvolts, 13 times faster than the strength of a mosquito.

The intensity of protons collide with each other reached a new record, providing a huge number of information. Researchers at CERN counts its massive volume of information ,, femtobarni ''.

Sea discovery will be presented at the Conference on High Energy Physics in Chicago next month.

The first indication of a possible outcome was presented in May when CMS and Atlas have suggested that there is a mistake in the data of 750 gigavolţi. In the next two weeks researchers have filed more than 89 papers in trying to find the answer. There are 450 works

Tiziano Comporesi said: ,, What we have seen can be likened to throwing a coin six times normal air that will always fall on your head '.

,, I think dark matter will be investigated much harder, is more rare than the Higgs boson, '' said Camporesi.

The first sign of a much heavier particles than the boson was discovered at aceleratorul particles in May. The discovery can not be explained by current models, but its existence could lead to the discovery of a new set of particles and likely existence of a new fundamental forces.

According to data produced in May at the particle accelerator in Geneva, we have discovered a new type of particle six times heavier than the Higgs boson.

By other measurements, if it proves true, the discovery could be huge.

By mid-July ,, we should have enough information to confirm or refute the existence of particles, '' said Professor James Olsen, corordonator and physicist at Princeton.

According to Dr. Michele Redi, a researcher at INFN Florence, revealed that the existence of particle can be confirmed in a few days or weeks ,, ''.

,, If the error is real, we could write a new chapter in the history of fundamental physics, '' said Dr. Redi

Measurement of protons is the best method for the detection of new laws of physics, because the protons are easily detected and physicists know what to aştepte.Când particles in proton decay, they release energy proportional to their mass. This error is similar to that which gave us the first indications for Boston Higgs discovery. This new particle, if any, could lead to the discovery of a new set of particles.








Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Source: Descopera

10 fascinating planets outside the Solar System !

Extra-solar planets or exoplanets are planets located outside our solar system. When PSR1257 and PSR1257 + 12 B + 12 C (use uppercase for the first exoplanets discovered, as it was in force current terminology), and then 51 Pegasi b, the first exoplanet whose existence was confirmed, were discovered in the early 1990s, the success has been proclaimed as the most significant performance discovery in astronomy after Copernicus's heliocentric system.

51 Pegasi b discoverry

The allegations have created a tumult in the scientific world, reviving hopes of finding Earth-like planets, life forms probably outside the Solar System. Prior to these findings, the extrasolar planets were considered by astronomers known as non-existent, and their mere mention was fiction, so that no respectable scientist has not taken seriously until recently.

Since the advent of science exoplanetare study these celestial bodies evolved rapidly into a new branch of astronomy, cataloging more than 400 planets (30 of them documented in a single month, October 2009), only that many of them were in disappointingly, similar to the first: the hot gas giants orbiting close to their stars and revolutions taking only a few days.

The most plausible explanation for this is that the indirect method of detecting exoplanets is based on the hypothesis of the existence of massive objects with small orbital periods, which make them easy to identify. However, from time to time, with advanced technology and innovative methods, detection capability increases, so we have a few surprises:


The oldest planet

PSR B1620-26 b (found: May 30, 1993, state: July 10, 2003)
PSR B1620-26 b, nicknamed "Methuselah" after the famous biblical character who had lived nearly a thousand years, is the oldest exoplanet discovered with the age of 13 billion years. Considering that the universe itself does not exceed than 700 million years the leat, PSR B 1620 is likely to have even absolute record for the oldest existing planet.

Astronomical body was discovered in the center of what is called "globular cluster" of stars, cosmic entity made ​​up of the first stars formed immediately after the Big Bang. And based on what we know about planet formation, they are born shortly after the star around which orbits, so if exoplanet's star is as old as the universe, the planet gives him detour is characterized by a similar age .

PSR B1620-26 b 

PSR B1620-26 b photo: exoplanetkyoto.org

"Methuselah" was recognized as a planet only in 2003, confirming a sweet nectar dripped into the ears of planet hunters. The reason? If the planets could form as soon as the stars immediately after the Big Bang, also means that the universe is full of astronomical bodies waiting to be discovered.


The nearest exoplanet

Epsilon Eridani (Epsilon Eridani b, discovered on August 7, 2000)

It is situated at a distance of "only" ten light-years from Earth and is actually a system of planets, description employed and to define your own solar system. The name "Epsilon Eridani" stands for paternal star, or "sun" this "gear" cosmic, the composition of which is supposed to enter two worlds: one of them confirmed, Epsilon Eridani b, and the other not certified yet, Epsilon Eridani C.

Epsilon Eridani System is Remarkably Similar to Our Own photo: Sci-News.com

Join all these form the nearest planetary system in the universe. The whole surrounding Epsilon Eridani is even two asteroid belts, one indoor, between Epsilon Eridani b and star, and the other outside, between EE b and e.e. c, plus a cosmic dust ring beyond the orbit of Epsilon Eridani c, resulting probably from the impact of two comets.

Exoplanets with most suns
Aquarii b (16 Nov 2003)

When it comes to planets, we are accustomed to viewing an image in which several such heavenly bodies revolve around the sun in an monostelar.

Well, it seems that, in fact, an impressive number - about 50% of cases - the stars we see in the night sky are star systems, or groups of two or more incandescent orbiting the common center their masses.

Naturally, the reason that our eyes perceive these compounds as single light dots is due to the huge distance that separates us from them. In the system there are five star 91 Aquarii.

In November 2003, it was discovered that a gas giant planet orbiting the star 91 Aquarii the main planet is named 91 Aquarii Ab so that it can be distinguished from stars in the system, leaving room for possible undiscovered planets in the same gear.

Gas giant is special because detection methods surrounded by stars exoplanets requires absolute precision - often futile anyway - so by the 91 Aquarii Ab is one of the few planets discovered in such conditions.

Infrared detector of NASA's Space Telescope Spitzer found substantial amounts of rock evaporated together with the solidified lava fragments, known as Tekt and is formed generally as a result of impacts from meteorites.

However, the existence of such material in a quantity enough to block the glow of a star indicates a greater impact, as only a planetary collision could be.

According to this discovery, interplanetary collisions are not so unusual a phenomenon in the universe, supporting it by default, and the widespread theory that the Earth's moon itself appeared as a result of a similar event in the distant past. Moreover, computer simulations have predicted the possibility of future collisions in our solar system sometime in the next three billion years.

Twin planet to Earth
Gliese 581g (discovered in September 2010)

Recently discovered Gliese 581g, a planet the size of Earth, located in the habitable zone of its star, could host liquid water can be a life environment. If suspicions were confirmed, I have to do with the planet most similar to Earth and also the first case of alien orb with potential for human habitat.

Successful discovery of Gliese 581g is based on 11 years of scrutinizing the cosmos made ​​with the WM Observatory Keck in Hawaii. The performance started with the discovery astronomers red dwarf Gliese 581, two new planets orbit.

Among these, the most interesting turned Gliese 581g, with a mass three to four times that of Earth and a revolution period of only 37 days. Estimates indicate that its mass is probably about a solid planet with a definite surface and that it has sufficient gravitational force to maintain an atmosphere.

The planet is to its star, somehow, what is Terra Luna in that rotation around its axis of Gliese 581g coincinde to revolve the planet, so it is a hemisphere permanently facing light the other is forever steeped in gloom.

Researchers estimate that the average temperature of the outer body surface ranges between -31 and -12 degrees Celsius. Of course, absolute temperatures range from the mid from Star heat and cold on the dark surface.

The gravity of the surface of Gliese 581g may be similar or greater than that of the loose earth, such that a person would easily be able to move on two feet on the surface of the planet.

Super-Earth covered by lava
COROT-7b (found on 3 February 2009)

European astronomers discovered by COROT satellite, a Super Earth several times more massive than Earth, only 475 light years from Earth.

Researchers claim that the exoplanet, named COROT-Exo-7b is not yet even the most pleasant place to visit. Although at first glance, there is water on Exo-7b, this is a borderline state between gas and liquid due to the huge mass of lava that covers celestial body.

It is possible that the Exo-7b have been a frozen planet that has migrated through its own solar system, turning, upon heating, a huge water planet. Most likely, it was formed inside a gas giant, as appropriate Earth, Venus, Mercury and Mars. It is almost certain, however, that Exo-7b is in the same situation it was in the earth immediately after its formation, many experts believe.

The first planet photographed
Fomalhaut b (discovered on 13 November 2008)

Direct observation of exoplanets is so difficult that was compared with the pursuit of flying insects in the right of a reflector in a hazy day, from a distance of several kilometers. For this reason, the first image of a planet that is outside our solar system captured by Hubble, is paramount.

Called Fomalhaut b, exoplanet is the size of Jupiter, and a possible ring system orbiting the star Fomalhaut. Astronomers inferred its existence since 2005, based on gravitational forces in the area, but it is the first case in which they failed to achieve a proper picture.
Visibility on Fomalhaut b is hampered by a ring of dust surrounding the star that he owns.

 The latter has an age of 200 million years and is 16 times brighter than the Sun. Astronomers have approximated it will explode into a billion years in age rather than for a star. Although performance Hubble planet Fomalhaut b would have remained hidden had it not been so wide orbit around its star.

SurvivorV391 Pegasi b (discovered in March 2007)

This gas giant was found orbiting a white dwarf - a sort of dead star - which means that at some point in the past, during the red giant phase of the star (a red giant is a large dying star, preceding phase transformation into white dwarf) planet must have reached the surface of the sun or even have them inside your body orbiting astronomical dying.

Planet Survivor photo: Science News for Students

It is an event that is likely the planets of our solar system, including Earth, it is believed that our sun will enter the red giant phase sometime in the next five billion years, increasing its volume possible until assimilate orbits close to him, researchers believe that the sun could reach even to the orbit of Mars now.

Normally, many planets as "occupied" can fall apart, but others can keep the structure unchanged, as is the case of V391 Pegasi b, baptized, therefore, survivor. However, even if the earth will prove the same strength and survive in the sun become a red giant, its surface will be completely sterilized of huge temperatures.

Another gas giant "special" in the sense that its orbital plane aligns perfectly with our vision, so can be seen from Earth, the planet HD209458 b

Movement of "transition" of the planet through the right side to its star that we oriented afford to accurately calculate a size - by analyzing the amount of starlight blocked - and more importantly, to determine its atmospheric composition spectroscopy study interaction between radiation and matter (in this case, the interaction of gases and vapors in the atmosphere of the planet and its sun starlight).

Hubble measures atmospheric structure of extrasolar planet HD 209458b photo: ESA/Hubble

With this method, researchers have detected the presence of sodium and, more recently, in October 2009, and that of water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane in the upper atmosphere of the planet. This is the second astronomical body which was found to possess organic compounds, HD 189733 b was the first planet discovered by humans which is characterized by it.

First 'Super-Earth'

Mu Arae c (discovered on 25 August 2004)

The planet's first "super-Earth" (or large rocky exoplanet) found, has brought researchers closer to discovering Earth-like planets outside the Solar System.

A "super-Earth" is defined as an exoplanet with mass between the Earth and the giant planets in our solar system. Why are these planets are considered to be "rock"? Weak gravitational force of an object the size of Earth materials tends to attract mainly massive, dense (rock and metal), and much less light materials such as gases, which are easily scattered radiation of astronomical phenomena such as stars, escape atmospheric or strong impacts with asteroids.

As this solid protoplanet increases, reaching a mass close to that of Jupiter's gravitational pull allows you to draw more objects on its surface and take captive the light gases, thus creating a spiral will turn in finally, another giant planet gas.

Other articles on the same theme:

• KEPLER SPOTS 100+ MORE EXOPLANETS, SOME POTENTIALLY HABITABLE WE'VE GOT EXOPLANETS ON EXOPLANETS

• 4,000 confirmed exoplanets similar to Earth

• A new theory on the Creation of the Universe, disprove the Big Bang

• Astronomer who rewrote the history of the Universe. He originally wanted to be a priest. Later, his mother had suffered from Church

What form does the atomic nucleus? New discovery may explain the mysteries of the Universe.

Although most of the nuclei of atoms are spherical, there are "figures" most non-conformist - for example pear-shaped. The discovery could have important implications in clarifying some of the mysteries of physics and the cosmos.

It is suspected for some time that nucleus such forms may exist, but now, an international team of physicists has succeeded in demonstrating that.

The discovery could fuel efforts discovery of a new fundamental forces in nature, which could explain why the Big Bang gave birth matter and antimatter in proproţii uneven - more matter than antimatter. This imbalance plays a major role in the history of the universe.

Big Bang Confirmed Again, This Time By The Universe's First photo: Atoms Forbes

As explained by one of the researchers involved, Tim Chupp, University of Michigan, where the Big Bang when matter and antimatter were created in equal amounts they would have annihilated each other and nothing would have been - no stars, no planets, no life.

Timothy Chupp College of Literature, Science, and the Arts University of Michigan

Particles of antimatter have the same mass but opposite electrical charge to the particles of matter. Antimatter is rare in the universe, appearing only for fractions of a second solar flares and cosmic radiation in particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN.

When particles of matter antimatter particles meet, they annihilate each other.

What causes this imbalance between matter and antimatter is one of the great mysteries of physics. The phenomenon is not predicted by the Standard Model - the theory that describes the complex nature of matter and the laws that govern it.

Large Hadron Collider restarts after two years photo: University of Cambridge

The Standard Model describes four fundamental forces (or interactions) governing the matter to behavior: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force.
Physicists are currently looking for a new force or interaction to explain the imbalance between matter and antimatter.

Evidence of such interactions could be obtained from measurements of the axis nuclei of radioactive elements such as radium and radon.

Researchers have confirmed that the nuclei of these atoms are pear-shaped nuclei unlike most "typical" spherical or oval.

The nucleus is the very dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom. It was discovered in 1911, as a result of Ernest Rutherford's interpretation of the famous 1909 Rutherford experiment performed by cr and Ernest Marsden, under the direction of Rutherford.

 The proton–neutron model of nucleus was proposed by Dmitry Ivanenko in 1932.Almost all of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus, with a very small contribution from the orbiting electrons. The diameter of the nucleus is in the range of 1.75(1.75×10−15 m) for hydrogen (the diameter of a single proton)to about 15 fm for the heaviest atoms, such as uranium. 

These dimensions are much smaller than the diameter of the atom itself (nucleus + electron cloud), by a factor of about 23,000 (uranium) to about 145,000 (hydrogen).The branch of physics concerned with studying and understanding the atomic nucleus, including its composition and the forces which bind it together, is called nuclear physics.

Pears make a new type of interaction effect is stronger and easier to detect.

"Pears is something special," said Chupp. "It means that the neutrons and protons, making up the core are placed in different locations along an internal axis."

Positively charged protons are pushed away from the center of the nucleus by nuclear forces, fundamentally different from spherical symmetry forces, such as gravity.

"The new type of interaction, the effects of which we are studying, do two things, says Chupp. "Produce matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe only format and align the spin axis direction in these pear-shaped nuclei (spin is an intrinsic physical property of particles in the same category as mass or electric charge, is defined as the angular momentum or the moment intrinsic angular particle).

To determine the shape of nucleus, they produced beams of atoms of radium and radon with very short lifetime, which were accelerated, bombing other atoms, nickel, cadmium and tin.

Following this process, the nuclei were emitted gamma rays that were dispersed after a certain pattern, thus revealing pear-shaped nuclei.

"Our findings contradict some theories of the nucleus and other nuances," says Professor Peter Butler, a physicist at the University of Liverpool and leader of the study.

Peter Butler photo: University of Liverpool

Measurements made will also help on scientists studying electric dipole moment (EDM) at the atomic level, research into the discovery of new techniques to exploit the special properties of isotopes of radium and radon.

These research results, along with those of nuclear physics experiments will help test the Standard Model, the best theory that physicists currently have to understand the nature of the elements which constitute the universe.

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