Showing posts with label experiment. Show all posts
Showing posts with label experiment. Show all posts

Monday, January 16, 2017

Top 10 scientists who were killed by their experiments

Photo: curiosity

Not always an experiment is successful sometimes the consequences can be fatal, as shown in these 10 cases.

These events are redefining the proverb "no good thing goes unpunished." For these scientists, desire for knowledge has led to their death.

1  
Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier (1785), French scholar of the eighteenth century has died following an accident with an experimental air balloon when it was deflated at 457 meters. It is known as the first victim of an  "aviation" accident.

Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier – Pilâtre de Rozier


The first untethered balloon flight, by Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes on 21 November 1783. Photo: wikipedia

2
Max Valier (1930) died in a laboratory explosion of jet engine fueled with liquid oxygen.


Max Valier Pioneers of Flight

Valier in a rocket car, circa April 1930. Photo: wikipedia

3
Sieur Freminet (1772) created one of the first diving equipment. He died from a test underwater equipment after a malfunction.


Photo: Wikiwand
4
Tim Samaras (2013) was meteorologist looking for tornadoes to study them and to develop a method by which they can be predicted. He died when a tornado swallowed up his car.



Storm chaser Tim Samaras Photo: wikipedia
5
Harry Daghlian Jr. (1945), during the construction of the first atomic bomb dropped the brick core of a nuclear reactor. His hands began to "burn" instant, then fell into a coma and died 25 days later.

A picture of Harry K. Daghlian, Jr. Photo: wikipedia

Harry Daghlian - Wikiwand



6
Elizabeth Fleischman (1905) introduced radiographs in military hospitals to identify bullets. She used her own body in experiments that led to the illness of cancer.


Elizabeth Fleischman, American X-ray pioneer (1899) Photo: wikipedia

7
Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1786) independently discovered oxygen, chlorine and manganese. Ingesting toxic substances regularly until he died from mercury poisoning.


Carl Wilhelm Scheele from Familj-Journalen1874 Photo: wikipedia

8
Louis Slotin (1946) died after accidental irradiation of uranium and plutonium during atomic weapons research.


Brent Bellamy on Twitter: "One thing I love about Winnipeg is finding treasures like a hidden little park dedicated to Dr. Louis Slotin, near his home. He was a scientist who died


Louis Slotin's Los Alamos badge mugshot, taken sometime while he was working on the Manhattan Project Photo: wikipedia

9
Marie Curie (1934) died of leukemia after exposure for more than 30 years to radioactive materials.


Marie Curie (1867-1934) Polish-born French physicist in 1931 Stock Photo - Alamy


Marie Curie - the most important women in science

10
Alexander Bogdanov (1928) believed that blood transfusions are the key to eternal youth. He died after receiving blood from a patient with malaria and tuberculosis.


Belarussian writer Alexander A Bogdanov Photo: wikipedia


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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Curiosity. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.




Thursday, July 21, 2016

One step closer in understanding and detecting Dark Matter

























Updated 04/05/2020

The view from inside the Large Underground Xenon (LUX)  dark matter detector, which is nearly a mile underground below the Black Hills of South Dakota. The upgraded detector just finished its 20-month run without finding dark matter activity.

Credit: Matthew Kapust. Copyright © South Dakota Science and Technology Authority

The incredibly sensitive LUX dark-matter detector, buried under a mile of rock, has come up empty on its 20-month search for dark matter — further narrowing down the possible characteristics of the strange substance.

Researchers presented the results today (July 21) at the 11th Identification of Dark Matter Conference (IDM2016) in Sheffield, U.K., which gathers together researchers seeking to understand dark matter, the mysterious material that appears to make up more than four-fifths of the universe's mass, but which scientists have not observed directly.

"LUX has delivered the world's best search sensitivity since its first run in 2013," Rick Gaitskell, a physicist at Brown University and co-spokesman for LUX, said in a statement. "With this final result from the 2014 to 2016 search, the scientists of the LUX Collaboration have pushed the sensitivity of the instrument to a final performance level that is four times better than the original project goals." [The Search for Dark Matter in Images]






















The Davis Cavern in the Sanford Underground Research Facility, which used to be a gold mine, was enlarged and outfitted for the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. It formerly housed Ray Davis' Nobel Prize-winning solar neutrino experiment.
Credit: Matthew Kapust, Sanford Underground Research Facility, © South Dakota Science and Technology Authority

LUX is short for the Large Underground Xenon dark-matter experiment. It rests a mile deep (1.6 km) underground in a former South Dakota gold mine that is now called the Sanford Underground Research Facility

Suspended in a 72,000 gallon (272,500 liter) tank of purified water, a 6-foot-tall (1.8 meter) titanium tank holds one-third of a ton (302 kg) of frigid liquid xenon. The xenon's job is to light up, with a jolt of electrical charge and a faint flash of light caught by surrounding sensors, when a dark-matter particle collides with one of its atoms — and the gallons of water and mile of rock's job is to stop anything else from getting in and disturbing it.

This latest result reveals that nothing with the right properties to excite the xenon made it through.

"It would have been marvelous if the improved sensitivity had also delivered a clear dark-matter signal," Gaitskell said. "However, what we have observed is consistent with background alone."


The quest for WIMPs

Even though scientists have never detected dark matter directly, they know it plays an important part in our universe: The way galaxies rotate and the way light bends as it passes by them reveals a substantial amount of extra matter adding to the systems' gravity.

LUX was designed to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) — a leading candidate for dark matter. Those particles are 10 to 100 times the mass of a proton, but interact only very weakly with ordinary matter (which is why scientists cannot easily detect them). Most particles, such as the cosmic rays that constantly stream down onto Earth, would be stopped by the rock and water shielding around the detector, but WIMPs would be able to make it through — sometimes, if researchers are lucky, knocking into one of the densely packed xenon atoms in the detector and releasing a light signal along the way (liquid xenon is transparent to those photons). Other particles that make it in will likely hit multiple xenon atoms and set off a cascade of light, whereas WIMPs would be lucky to hit one.

Researchers examined a huge amount of data collected from the carefully calibrated device over the course of the 20-month experiment, which followed on the heels of a less-sensitive, three-month LUX search that ended in 2013, also with a negative result. Researchers were able to filter out signals in the data created by non-dark-matter particles that managed to get inside the experiment. This gave the researchers the capability to look for interacting dark matter, which would be expected to produce only a few signals per century per kilogram of xenon, researchers said in the statement. [No WIMPS in Space? - NASA Scans For Dark Matter

LUX's lack of detection doesn't mean that dark matter is not made of WIMPs, but it does suggest that dark matter WIMPs cannot have a mass or effect on ordinary matter within a certain range.

"Though a positive signal would have been welcome, nature was not so kind!" Cham Ghag, a physicist at University College London and collaborator on LUX, said in another statement. "Nonetheless, a null result is significant as it changes the landscape of the field by constraining models for what dark matter could be beyond anything that existed previously."

Onward

LUX is one of several efforts to detect dark matter, and its results will help narrow down the searches conducted by future direct-detection experiments, too. Other experiments, like COUPP-60, the XENON Dark Matter Project in Italy, and the Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (SUPERCDMS) have used similar techniques that heavily shield a material and wait for naturally-occurring dark matter to pass through.

An experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, on the other hand, has a chance of creating dark matter, and then detecting its signal.

"We viewed this as a David and Goliath race between ourselves and the much larger Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva," Gaitskell said. "LUX was racing over the last three years to get first evidence of a dark-matter signal. We will now have to wait and see if the new run this year at the LHC will show evidence of dark-matter particles, or if the discovery occurs in the next generation of larger direct detectors."

LUX's own next-generation detector, LUX-Zeplin, will have 70 times the sensitivity of LUX, researchers said in the statement — which will take LUX's place underground to continue the search.

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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Space.com . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.