The son of an uneducated peasant, became one of the most brilliant scientific minds of all time

Newton, by William Blake; here, Newton is depicted critically as a "divine geometer". This copy of the work is currently held by the Tate Collection photo: wikipedia

Updated today 16/05/2020

Sir Isaac Newton 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726 was an English mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution. 

His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing the infinitesimal calculus.

Isaac Newton. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Heritage Auctions

Newton's own copy of his Principia, with hand-written corrections for the second edition photo: wikipedia

Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. 

By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of the Solar System and demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. 

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Newton's theoretical prediction that Earth is shaped as an oblate spheroid was later vindicated by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, thus convincing most Continental European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over the earlier system of Descartes.

Descartes_Systems_Group

Newton also built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. 

Illustration of a dispersive prism decomposing white light into the colours of the spectrum, as discovered by Newton photo: wikipedia

Newton's work on light was collected in his highly influential book Opticks, first published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. 

In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves.

The first, 1704, edition of Opticks: or, a treatise of the reflexions, refractions, inflexions and colours of light. Author Isaac Newton image wikipedia

John's College, Cambridge Wikimedia Commons

Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian, who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity and who, unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, refused to take holy orders in the Church of England. 

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Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of alchemy and biblical chronology, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death.  

You may also like: Top 8: Looking for the elixir of immortality.

Politically and personally tied to the Whig party, Newton served two brief terms as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, in 1689–90 and 1701–02. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and he spent the last three decades of his life in London, where he served as Warden (1696–1700) and Master (1700–1727) of the Royal Mint, as well as president of the Royal Society (1703–1727).

Queen Anne in 1705 image wikipedia

Black Death contributed to one of the most important theories in History

In 1665, following an outbreak of bubonic plague in England, Cambridge University was closed, forcing Newton to return home at Woolsthorpe Manor. While there was in is garden, he saw an apple fall from a tree, an event that inspired him to formulate the famous law of universal gravitation. Newton later told him William Stukeley's incident, the author of his memoirs.

Original tree that inspired Sir Isaac Newton to consider gravitation photo: UniverseToday.com

The tree exists today, and some apple that Newton saw him falling that day, in the garden Woolsthorpe Manor was taken into space in 2010 aboard the Atlantis space.


He was interested in alchemy


Isaac Newton was passionate about alchemy. He has devoted a great deal of time trying to create "Philosopher's Stone" which he believed he had the power to turn other metals into gold and to make people immortal.

photo: likesuccess.com

4. Newton was  a member of parliament

Between 1689 and 1690, Newton was a member of Parliament representing Cambridge University. His contribution was limited. He had spoken only once, when he asked a bailiff to close the window because it was cool. At that time he spent in London, Newton was met with several influential figures of the time, including King William III and philosopher John Locke.

William III of Orange, King of England & Scotland 1650 - 1702 Pinterest

5. He was knighted

In 1705 Newton was knighted by Queen Anne. At the time, he was a wealthy man after his mother inherited properties and published two papers bedside. Newton was buried in Westminster Abbey, the burial place of British monarchs, and other notable individuals who do not belong to the royal family (Charles Darwin, Charles Dickens or explorer David Livingstone).

Invenit Mundo presents the main historical significance of the day January 4:

1809 - He was born Louis Braille, inventor of the writing system for the blind (Braille, 1829) (d. January 6, 1852)

1841 - was born chemist Petru Poni, leading representative of the Romanian school of chemistry. (D. April 2, 1925)

1877 - was born in Brasov, Sextil Puşcariu writer, famous philologist and literary historian, member of the Romanian Academy (d. 1948).

1914 - In Romania formed a government headed by liberal I C I Brătianu, which lasted until January 29, 1918.

1926 - Romania's Parliament voted to accept giving up the throne Prince Charles ( "Act of January 4") and the recognition of his son, Prince Michael, as crown prince of Romania.

1954 - He died poet Elena Farago (Elena Paximade) ( "Puss punished", "Gândacelul" "lame puppy") (n. 29 martie1878)

1960 - A French writer Albert Camus died.

1970 - The actor died Mişu Fotino (father), founder of the State Theatre in Brasov. (N. 1886)

1990 - It was announced the abolition of the State Security Department.

1990 - Held the first press conference of the Group for Social Dialogue (GDS), consisting of personalities from the cultural, artistic and scientific.

1994 - At a meeting of Liberal leaders Horia Rusu and Dinu Patriciu, the PL-93 Steering Committee adopted an "open letter to all the liberal parties" document proposing a "unification through competition liberals".

1996 - Mircea Geoana received the approval of the US administration to take over the post of ambassador to Washington.

1998 - died composer Basil Veselovsky ( "Hope Street," "The sea would know it," "I deserve")

1999 - The miners in the Jiu Valley have joined the general strike, demanding urgent settlement of 30 claims regarding the state of the mining industry.

2004 - The Great Gathering traditional Afghan Loya Jirga adopted the new Constitution "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan".

2006 - He died in Montreal with Alzheimer's, Romanian-born Canadian poet Irving Layton Peter (Israel Pincu Lazarovitch). Since the 40s was recognized as one of the most prolific, versatile, revolutionary and controversial poets of school "modern" Canadian. S reputation was consolidated in the 50s and 60s, especially after the publication of "A Red Carpet for the Sun" in 1959. One of his students was famous Leonard Cohen, musician, writer, promoter of Canadian postmodernism. (B. March 12, 1912, Targu Neamt, Romania).

2008 - The biggest Roma camp in France, located on the outskirts of Paris (Saint-Ouen), was disbanded

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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by History and wikipedia . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

The biggest mistake in the History of Science.

Science is one of the most remarkable innovations of mankind. This was a source of inspiration and understanding of social change, economic and medical. However, some findings have brought more destruction than benefit. Here is one of the biggest mistakes in the history of science.

One of the biggest mistakes in the history of science has been to divide people into different races. The theory behind the barbaric acts, to slavery and genocide. It is now used to explain social inequalities.

Human races were invented by anthropologists such as Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in the eighteenth century, the classification of new groups of people discovered and exploited during the expansion of European colonialism.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, pencil drawing by Ludwig Emil Grimm. image wikipedia

From the beginning, the subjective nature of the classification of the breed was recognized globally. Mostly, the race was justified by cultural and language differences between groups of people and not by biological differences. Until the twentieth century, the existence of races was considered a natural right as anthropologists wanted to explain differences in biological psychology, including intelligence, education and socio-economic differences between groups of people.

One critical race theory American anthropologist Ashley Montagu was saying in 1941, this omelet ,, ,, race called '' can not exist outside of statistics that has been reduced by anthropologists imagination ''

Currently, in a study that involved more than 3,000 atropolog they responded to certain issues regarding the actual existence of the breed, its role in medicine, genetic testing and use of the term today.

The statement ,, human population can be subdivizionată in biological races' was ruled by a percentage of 86%. However, the statement ,, racial categories are biologically determined 'anthropologists have refuted it with a percentage of 88%.


The study can not say that there is consensus among anthropologists that the races are not real.


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Why we have nightmares? What produces these depraved nocturnal deliriums, and what purpose they serve?

Updated 03.12.2018

What produces these depraved nocturnal deliriums, and what purpose they serve, are questions that neuroscientists, shamans, and technicolor dreamcoat-wearers have attempted to answer since the dawn of man. And while the meanings of our nightmares may remain engulfed in shadowy mystery, we are at least beginning to understand why our hidden demons sometimes choose to visit us while we sleep.

What is a nightmare?

University of Colorado School of Medicine associate clinical professor James Pagel told IFLScience that “there’s actually a bunch of different types of frightening dreams occurring at all stages of sleep,” not all of which are classed as nightmares. Night terrors, for instance, tend to strike midway through the sleep cycle, during the deep sleep phase, and have no clear form or plot, but simply cause people to wake up with an intense and unexplainable feeling of fear.

Lakeshore Public Radio

Nightmares, on the other hand, are experienced during the rapid eye movement (REM) phase, which occurs at the end of the sleep cycle. According to Pagel, nightmares are simply “dreams with a frightening story,” and are extremely common, affecting almost everybody at some point in their lives – especially during childhood and adolescence.

According to one study, between 5 and 8 percent of adults have recurring nightmares, while between 20 and 39 percent of children under the age of 12 regularly find themselves plunged into the haunted house inside their minds after lights-out. In the majority of cases this is not a serious problem, as Pagel says that scary dreams are to be expected from time to time, particularly if we have experienced something a little unsettling during the day, like watching a horror movie.

Lakeshore Public Radio

Things can get a little problematic, however, if a person develops nightmare disorder, whereby frequent nightmares stop them from sleeping properly and start to cause them distress during waking hours.

Why do we have nightmares?

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been identified as a major cause of nightmare disorder, as people who have been through major traumatic experiences are often plagued by fear and anxiety even while they sleep. A recent study found that 80 percent of those who suffer from the condition report regular nightmares, while another discovered that 53 percent of Vietnam War veterans often have scary dreams, compared to just 3 percent of the general population.

UBC Wiki

Medications that disrupt the hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate REM sleep can also lead to terrifying dreams, while people with psychological disorders tend to be particularly nightmare prone as well.


How these conditions turn the slumbering brain into a ghoul-infested realm of terror is not yet fully understood, although abnormalities in neural activity have been observed in people with nightmare disorder. For example, a brain region called the amygdala, which controls fear and learning, has been found to be overactive in PTSD patients who complain of regular nightmares, while some of the brain’s emotion centers, such as the paralimbic system, also often tend to be highly active in those who experience frequent nightmares.

As scary as nightmares may seem, they can't hurt you and can actually help you understand your own mind. Kiselev Andrey Valerevich/Shutterstock

Can nightmares hurt you?

“I think nightmares are wonderful,” says Pagel enthusiastically. “Dreams are basically a cognitive feedback system on how your brain is functioning, and nightmares, more so than other dreams, give you feedback on what’s going on inside your head.” Rather than harming us, therefore, nightmares actually help us to understand our own psyche, and for this reason can actually be extremely beneficial, especially in terms of unlocking our inner creativity.

Because of this, Pagel says that “people with frequent nightmares tend to have more creative personalities, and almost all creative types report nightmares more than others do.”

However, he does warn that having too many disturbing nightmares can also play a part in causing, or at least aggravating, PTSD, which in turn massively increases the risk of a person committing suicide.


On top of this, some people may also suffer from REM behavior disorder, whereby they physically act out their dreams while they sleep. Strangely, this condition is most common among middle-aged men, and arises when a brain area called the pons – which is responsible for paralyzing our muscles while we sleep – doesn’t function properly, causing us to get up and move around. Though you don’t have to be having a nightmare for this to be dangerous, it’s not hard to imagine how dreams about running away from monsters or fighting for one’s life could place sleepers and those around them in serious peril.

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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Ilf Science . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

After millennia, Harvard researchers appear to have finally discovered the origin of forming consciousness

Photo: earth-matters.nl

Researchers have tried millennia to discover the origin of consciousness. Despite advances in neuroscience, still is not sure where it came from.

However, some of them claim to have found finally its origin after they have identified a link between three specific areas of the brain that appear to be crucial in terms of the emergence of consciousness.

Consciousness is made, it is believed, of 2 components: arousal and awareness. Researchers have shown already that the excitation is controlled by the part of the brain that are in contact with the spinal cord. Regarding awareness, the answer is elusive. It is believed that it originated somewhere in the cortex, the outer layer of the brain, but nobody was able to say that it is certainly there.

But the team of researchers from Harvard have identified not only the region that is closely connected with excitement, but also two regions of cortex that together seem to form consciousness. In order to reach a clear conclusion, the team started a study on 36 patients who had brain injuries, 12 of them being in a coma. This study concluded that this small region of the brain is responsible for the emergence of consciousness, but to discover what part of the brain is closely related to this, the researchers produced a map of the brain. Thus, they identified two areas in the cortex that after some previous studies have concluded that they have a close connection with excitement and awareness, but it is the first time that has to do with the center of the brainstem.

The team needs to confirm the result before being sure that the connection that exists between those three areas of the brain is, in fact, the origin of consciousness. Moreover, they are hoping to find a viable treatment for treating people in a coma or in a vegetative state who have brain healthy but have no conscience.

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• New Revolutionary mind-reading technology allows immobilized patients to communicate again

Source: Science Alert

2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to researchers Jean Pierre Sauvage Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa

Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa were rewarded with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences jury. They were awarded for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.

Experts have developed the smallest machine in the world. 2016 Nobel laureates were honored for developing molecular machines that are currently thousands of times thinner than a human hair.

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2016 by Jean-Perre Sauvage, University of Strasbourg, France, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA, and Bernard L. Feringa at the University of Groningen, Netherlands.

Jean-Perre Sauvage, University of Strasbourg, France, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA, and Bernard L. Feringa at the University of Groningen, Netherlands.

 The machine developed by Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Fraser Stoddart and Ben Feringa will be used by researchers worldwide to develop advanced creations. One of the examples is uitmitoare molecular robot that can catch and can connect amino acids, built in 2013.
Other researchers polymer molecular motors connected to form a net. When molecular motors are exposed to light, the net tightening in a bundle. If researchers will discover a light recovery technique could develop a new type of battery.
Computational technology development demonstrates how miniaturization technology (or nanotechnology) can lead to a revolution. Nobel laureates in Chemistry 2016 have pushed so miniaturized machines and chemistry to a new dimension, says the press release published on the official website of the prestigious Nobel prizes.
The first step in designing a molecular machines was made by Jean-Pierre Sauvage in 1983, when he managed to link two ring-shaped molecules together to form a chain called "chain". Normally, the molecules are linked by strong covalent bonds, which atoms share electrons. Instead chain were connected by a mechanical link freer. A machine able to perform a task should be composed of parts that can move relative to each other. The two rings joined fulfilled this requirement exactly.
The second step was taken by Fraser Stoddart in 1991, when he developed a "rotaxane" [ "rotaxane" - an architecture molecular synchronized mechanically composed of a molecule shaped like a dumbbell that is threaded into a macrocycle molecular (a macrocycle is formed chains of 8 or more molecules, or 12 or more molecules, for example the drugs in series of macrolides, according to literature - No]. He threaded a ring molecular on a shaft molecular thin and proved that ring can move around the axis. Among the things he developed based on "rotaxane" are: a molecular elevator, a molecular muscles and a computer chip at the molecular level.
Bernard Feringa was the first person who developed a molecular motor; in 1999, he managed to make a molecular rotor blade to continuously rotate in the same direction. Using molecular motors, it has turned a glass cylinder, which is 10,000 times higher than the engine and also designed a nanomachines.
2016 Chemistry Nobel Prize laureates have brought stalemate equilibrium molecular systems causing them to move in a controlled manner. In terms of development, molecular motor is the same level that was the electric motor in the 1830s, when engineers have developed various levers and wheels, without knowing that these inventions will lead to the production of electric trains, washing machines, the fans and the machines that process food. Nanomachines (molecular machines) will most likely be used in developing new materials, sensors and energy storage systems.

 Nobel Prize in Chemistry this year was given to researchers in recognition of their success in linking molecules to design anything from a car engine at small scale muscle.
"They have mastered the movements of control molecular scale," according to Olof Ramstrom, the Nobel Committee.
Reacting to the announcement of the prize Professor Feringa said: "I do not know what to say, I'm shocked. And my second reaction was: I'm a little nervous."
Jean-Pierre Sauvage was born in 1944 in Paris, France. He obtained a doctorate in 1971 from the University of Strasbourg. Professor emeritus at the University of Strasbourg and emeritus director of research at the National Centre for Scientific Research in France.
Sir J. Fraser Stoddart was born in 1942 in Edinburgh, UK. He obtained a doctorate in 1966 from the University of Edinburgh. Part of the Administration Council of Teachers of Chemistry in Northwestern University, Evanston, USA.Bernard L. Feringa was born in 1951 in Barger-Compascuum, Netherlands. He has obtained a doctorate in 1978 from the University of Groningen, Netherlands. Is a professor in organic chemistry at the University of Groningen, Netherlands.
Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir Bernard J Fraser Stoddart and L Feringa will share the prize of 8 million Swedish kronor (about 850,000 euros) for the design and synthesis of molecular-scale machines.
Winners will receive one gold medal. On Medal in Chemistry Nobel laureates in Physics and it is Nature, in the form of a goddess, like Isis, coming out of the clouds and has hands horn of plenty, and the veil which covers the face austere genius is supported by Science.
On the medal is inscribed a quote from Virgil, Aeneid inspired: Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes (Inventions enrich life which art adorns a), and below is engraved the name of the laureate. The design belongs to Erik Lindberg.
Nobel diploma and is a unique work of art created by the most famous artists and calligraphers Swedes and Norwegians.
In 2015, Swedish researchers Tomas Lindahl, American and Turkish-American Paul Modrich Aziz Sancar were rewarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their studies about the cellular mechanisms of DNA repair, according to the Nobel Committee motivation.
Chemistry was the importance of science in their work of Alfred Nobel, chemist, inventor and industrialist with businesses in the production of weapons. Putting his inventions and the whole industrial process from its factories were based on knowledge of chemistry and, therefore, the chemistry was the second field of the awards after physics, said the Nobel in his will.
From 1901 to 2014, there were 172 winners of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry 106 reward being awarded in the years 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, and 1942.
Only four women have received this award: 1911 - Marie Curie (who Aprime Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903) 1935 - Irène Joliot-Curie (daughter of Marie Curie and the wife of Frédéric Joliot) 1964 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 2009 - Ada Yonath.
Frederick Sanger received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry twice (1958 and 1980).


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Source: Descopera

Tunnel of light "between life and death has found scientific explanation

A respected neurologist founded a compelling new theory about the experiences of life and death.

The experiences of life and death

Gillian MacKenzie remembers he was worried about his unborn child's condition when the world around them was swallowed up in darkness, except for one bright spot. It was aware that the task had problems and lost much blood during it, but he felt comfortable in that light.

"Initially it was a single point, and then I noticed that I was dragged toward him, he thereby increasing increasingly more. The brightness was so strong that I felt that I was in a tunnel" claimed it .

"I felt no fear when I was in the tunnel and immerse me in the light. It was not a very pleasant feeling. I can only describe as a feeling of trance" continues Gillian.

"Suddenly I heard a male voice shouting:" Gill! ". It was a voice very cute and I thought, 'Oh no, I stand before God, and I do not even believe in him." He asked me if I know who is and I replied: "Yes, but I'm afraid I can not pronounce your name." it turned out he had a good sense of humor, because chuckled upon hearing my response "resumed it.

Gillian's experience has happened many years ago, before the appearance of stories about the experiences of life and death. And today that it looks real feeling for Gillian, who suffered a haemorrhage during childbirth.

No one can know for sure, but scientists believe that about one in ten will experience between life and death, most likely during a cardiac arrest.

In general we see light, we go through a tunnel, we meet with a loved one or we will gravitate over our body, watching doctors and nurses trying to revive us.

Those who have gone through such an experience described this event as cheerful and thinking what has changed for life.

Most people think that had a flash and threw it on the afterlife. Often this experience strengthens their faith and lead to the disappearance of fear of death. For these people, the events seem real, lucid and valuable.

For them might come as a shock news that a respected American neurologist believes he can explain in terms of physiological symptoms totate experiences between life and death. These explanations will refute the ideas that the souls leave their bodies to make a journey in the afterlife and to return to Earth.

A neurologist provides scientific explanation

Kevin Nelson, a professor of neurology at the University of Kentucky, studied for 30 years experiences between life and death.

In his new book, he explained all the experience of life and death, his central argument involving REM (rapid eye movement). At this stage of sleep most dreams occur while the person sleeps has paralyzed body except the eyes, heart and diaphragm - the one that controls breathing.

Professor Nelson believes that some people are more sensitive than others to what is called "intrusion of REM", when the paralysis that accompanies REM occurs when a person is waking and is often accompanied by hallucinations appearing real.

The study led by Professor Nelson examined 55 cases of people who claimed to have had an experience of life and death. Of these 60% had experienced previous episodes of REM intrusion, compared with 24% of participants who were randomized.

"Instead of passing directly from the REM state of wakefulness, the brains of people who claim to have experiences between life and death, tends to combine the two states", explains Professor. This leads to positioning the subject in a state called "borderline conscience."

"Many people go through this state for only a few seconds or minutes, to pass the state of REM or waking. Being« borderline of consciousness ", paralysis, lights, hallucinations and time dreaming are normal. During a crisis such as cardiac arrest, this condition might explain what is known as the experience of life and death "continued Nelson.

In his study, Professor stressed that such experiences are encountered situations where borderline between life and death (such as trauma or cardiac arrest). These episodes have in common interruption of blood flow to the brain.

"Normally, 20% of the blood pumped by the heart to the brain. If blood flow is reduced and reaches a third of the usual amount, the brain remains active up to 10, up to 20 seconds before losing consciousness. The brain suffer injury, even if blood flow remains low for hours, "says the researcher.

"When blood is ejected from the head immediately before blackouts, tissue that is most affected is the retina, not the brain. When the retina is affected, there is a feeling of darkness that comes from outside to inside, and thus tunnel effect "explains Nelson.

"Light at the end of the tunnel can come from two different sources. It can be an ambient light - the light of a hospital room, which may be the only element recognizable when the blood is drained from the brain. Alternatively, REM system, which is known to activate visual system could generate an internal light that exists only in the brain ", mentioned Professor.

"Part of the brain associated with out of body experiences, temporoparietală region, near the area responsible for the sensation of movement." This could explain why people feel that a move during these experiences.

"Normally, this portion of the brain is involved in the REM, but in some cases, this system is not working properly, and during the transition to the state of REM brain can get some sensations of movement" added Nelson.

To explain the sensations of liberation of the soul and leave the body, Professor Nelson made reference to a study by Swiss neuroscientist Olaf Blanke. He and his team made an amazing discovery while preparing a woman for 43 years for surgery. This woman suffered seizures and the surgeon and applied a series of electrical impulses in the brain to detect where the problem comes.

Suddenly, the woman, who was conscious during the procedure, said he had an experience of leaving the body and was looking down at her. When the electric current has been interrupted, it was "back" into the body.

"Feels like the woman of being outside or inside of the body can be altered as simple as activating a switch to turn on or off a light bulb," said Professor Nelson.

The feeling of bliss could be explained by the reward system of the brain. During moments of crisis, the body eliminates a number of chemicals that causes a feeling of relaxation and wellbeing.

If during a hunting trip, the group was cornered by a predator, and people were sure to be killed would have had more chance one of them would be left behind without fighting to save other. Predator would spend time and energy on one person, it is easier for the rest of the group to escape.

During the experience of life and death, Gillian MacKenzie met his grandfather who died two years ago. It's said that gave birth to a boy - the right thing, but that would not have been where it knows - and he had the feeling that leaves his body, floating above him and he saw doctors and nurses how it operates.

It also noted that hovered over her husband and Hamish, who followed him in the corridors of the hospital, seeing as it gives him a phone to her mother.

"I was not scared, but I wanted to Hamish can announce that everything will be fine and I will return in a way back into the body," explained Gillian.

"I told my grandfather that they must leave and go back to take care of the baby and husband, but he I warned that I must have strong arguments to be allowed to go back into the body," continues Gillian.

During this episode, Gillian relived different times in the past, both good and bad, and had returned with a different perception over their lives. For example, she never forgave her mother for having left her boarding school and remembers that she cried when she left.

"Reliving those moments, I realized it was very hard for her to see me crying, but was not allowed to look back. I understand better the situation and I told my grandfather that I should return to share this new view of such problems and to help the others. After I came back, "said Gillian.

In the years that followed, Gillian became an adviser. "Before this experience I was intolerant people, but I've changed and I became a different person."


"You can come up with a rational explanation regarding this kind of experience, but it would be in vain. For us these episodes are real and have a profound effect on us and how we live our lives afterward. After this experience I ' gone any fear that ought to have in relation to my death and I think this turned me into a better person. you can call hallucinations, if you want, but they are part of our reality "said Gillian .

God's existence is denied by the scientific explanation of this phenomenon?

Professor Nelson said he did not intend to deny the existence of God or to diminish the importance of this kind of experience.

"There is a schism growing between those who believe that God is an anachronism and believes that all spiritual experiences are a dangerous illusion, and those who say that religion is the basis of their lives," explains Nelson.

"I thought it would be shown as a neurologist trying to explain the nature of spiritual experiences, not to make false theories. I treat with great respect such experiences because they are very important for those who had them. They can be considered the most influential experiences that could ever have to "continuous teacher.

"So I must try to explain in terms of physiological causes and ways in which these experiences, but I could demonstrate that they are not inconsistent with people's faith in God for the religious," he said.


"After all, who can say that this mechanism was not created by God just to give people comfort when they need it - when approaching death?" Concludes Professor neurologist Kevin Nelson.

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The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Daily Mail . Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Marie Curie - the most important women in science

Marie Curie, the first woman to win the Nobel Prize and the first scientist who won the award twice, in two different fields, physics and chemistry, was voted the leading woman scientist of all time.

Researcher of Polish origin who discovered the treatment of cancer with radiation, was passed at a rate of 25.4 percent, nearly double the second place, Rosalind Franklin, nationality English biophysicist who helped discover the structure of DNA.

The following places were occupied by astrophysicist Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Dr. Jane Goodall, primatologist who brought to the attention of the scientific world primates.

Marie Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934), née Maria Salomea Skłodowska was a Polish physicist and chemist, working mainly in France,who is famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. She was also the first female professor at the University of Paris (La Sorbonne), and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in Paris' Panthéon.

She was born in Warsaw, in the Congress Kingdom of Poland, then part of the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared her 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Her achievements included a theory of radioactivity (a term that the Curies coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she established the first military field radiological centres.

While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie (she used both surnames)never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland.She named the first chemical element that she discovered – polonium, which she first isolated in 1898 – after her native country.

Curie died in 1934 at the sanatorium of Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, due to aplastic anemia brought on by her years of exposure to radiation.

"The survey indicates the vital need to celebrate and draw attention to the many women researchers, who helped form what we now call modern science," said Dr. Roger Highfield, editor of The New Scientist.

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Source: The Telegraph

Do Black Holes have a back door?

Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss

One of the biggest problems when studying black holes is that the laws of physics as we know them cease to apply in their deepest regions. Large quantities of matter and energy concentrate in an infinitely small space, the gravitational singularity, where space-time curves towards infinity and all matter is destroyed. Or is it? A recent study by researchers at the Institute of of Corpuscular Physics (IFIC, CSIC-UV) in Valencia suggests that matter might in fact survive its foray into these space objects and come out the other side.

Published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity, the Valencian physicists propose considering the singularity as if it were an imperfection in the geometric structure of space-time. And by doing so they resolve the problem of the infinite, space-deforming gravitational pull.

Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss

"Black holes are a theoretical laboratory for trying out new ideas about gravity," says Gonzalo Olmo, a Ramón y Cajal grant researcher at the Universitat de València (University of Valencia, UV). Alongside Diego Rubiera, from the University of Lisbon, and Antonio Sánchez, PhD student also at the UV, Olmo's research sees him analysing black holes using theories besides general relativity (GR).

Specifically, in this work he has applied geometric structures similar to those of a crystal or graphene layer, not typically used to describe black holes, since these geometries better match what happens inside a black hole: "Just as crystals have imperfections in their microscopic structure, the central region of a black hole can be interpreted as an anomaly in space-time, which requires new geometric elements in order to be able to describe them more precisely. We explored all possible options, taking inspiration from facts observed in nature."

Using these new geometries, the researchers obtained a description of black holes whereby the centre point becomes a very small spherical surface. This surface is interpreted as the existence of a wormhole within the black hole. "Our theory naturally resolves several problems in the interpretation of electrically-charged black holes," Olmo explains. "In the first instance we resolve the problem of the singularity, since there is a door at the centre of the black hole, the wormhole, through which space and time can continue."

This study is based on one of the simplest known types of black hole, rotationless and electrically-charged. The wormhole predicted by the equations is smaller than an atomic nucleus, but gets bigger the bigger the charge stored in the black hole. So, a hypothetical traveller entering a black hole of this kind would be stretched to the extreme, or "spaghettified," and would be able to enter the wormhole. Upon exiting they would be compacted back to their normal size.

Seen from outside, these forces of stretching and compaction would seem infinite, but the traveller himself, living it first-hand, would experience only extremely intense, and not infinite, forces. It is unlikely that the star of Interstellar would survive a journey like this, but the model proposed by IFIC researchers posits that matter would not be lost inside the singularity, but rather would be expelled out the other side through the wormhole at its centre to another region of the universe.

Another problem that this interpretation resolves, according to Olmo, is the need to use exotic energy sources to generate wormholes. In Einstein's theory of gravity, these "doors" only appear in the presence of matter with unusual properties (a negative energy pressure or density), something which has never been observed. "In our theory, the wormhole appears out of ordinary matter and energy, such as an electric field" (Olmo).

Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss

The interest in wormholes for theoretical physics goes beyond generating tunnels or doors in spacetime to connect two points in the Universe. They would also help explain phenomena such as quantum entanglement or the nature of elementary particles. Thanks to this new interpretation, the existence of these objects could be closer to science than fiction.


Other articles on the same theme:

• New Theory Of Gravity Tries To Explain Dark Matter

• What form does the atomic nucleus? New discovery may explain the mysteries of the Universe.

• The First Stars in the Universe could provide clues about Dark Matter

• Astronomers issued a shocking theory about the universe: 'The Universe is Flat!'

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